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Showing posts with label USA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label USA. Show all posts

The man who fed the world...

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I am but one member of a vast team made up of many organizations, officials, thousands of scientists, and millions of farmers - mostly small and humble - who for many years have been fighting a quiet, oftentimes losing war on the food production front. Norman Borlaug (1914-2009) The Man who Fed the World / Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009). American agronomist, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the Green Revolution. Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Congressional Gold Medal, recipient of the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian honor. Borlaug's discoveries have been estimated to have saved over 245 million lives worldwide.

I am but one member of a vast team made up of many organizations, officials, thousands of scientists, and millions of farmers - mostly small and humble - who for many years have been fighting a quiet, oftentimes losing war on the food production front. Norman Borlaug (1914-2009) The Man who Fed the World / Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009). American agronomist, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the Green Revolution. Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Congressional Gold Medal, recipient of the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian honor. Borlaug's discoveries have been estimated to have saved over 245 million lives worldwide.

Therefore I feel that the aforementioned guiding principle must be modified to read: If you desire peace, cultivate justice, but at the same time cultivate the fields to produce more bread; otherwise there will be no peace. Norman Borlaug (1914-2009) The Man who Fed the World / Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009). American agronomist, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the Green Revolution. Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Congressional Gold Medal, recipient of the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian honor. Borlaug's discoveries have been estimated to have saved over 245 million lives worldwide.

Norman Ernest Borlaug
(March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009)


Farmer
Agronomist
Plant Breeder
Father of the
Green Revolution
Champion of the War against Hunger
His legacy grows in five continents
It has saved many lives
We use it everyday



Anol, Shalom

Keep fighting... for peace


Read about it...

The Man who Fed the World, by Leon Hasser. An authorised biography of Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009). American agronomist, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the Green Revolution. Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Congressional Gold Medal, recipient of the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian honor. Borlaug's discoveries have been estimated to have saved over 245 million lives worldwide.

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Galicia: Eucalyptus & Frost Damage Evaluation

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Eucalyptus in the Fridge (2008-2009)
Or predictions for frost damage impact on cold hardy Eucalyptus in Northwestern Spain, based on yearly observation of patterns of climate and tree growth

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado Contact GIT Forestry Consulting
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS


Year 2008 left with frown ups for cold hardy Eucalyptus growers in the Northern Hemisphere. For Eastern USA growers (South Carolina to New York), November brought heavy early freezing causing considerable damage but also species trials being culled by Captain Winter. December was also critical for growers in Northwestern USA (Oregon & Washington) and in Canada (British Columbia & Vancouver Island) due to heavy snowfalls and week-long frost & ice storms at sea level, putting to test ornamental plantings in many gardens.

But 2009 has started also quite wintery for frost tolerant eucalypt growers in Central and Northern Europe, since they received the visit of Siberian cold blasts brought by Eastern winds during early January, with absolute minima plummeting to levels unheard of since mid 1980's (-20ºC in Germany, -18ºC in the Netherlands & Belgium, -15ºC in France).

Cold hardy Eucalyptus nitens & Eucalyptus globulus frost damage assessment methodology by GIT / Método GIT para evaluacion de daños por helada a Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus globulus y otras especies de eucalipto resistentes al frio / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoria y Servicios de Ingenieria Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo
Fig. 1 - Prediction of frost & ice damage to cold hardy Eucalyptus nitens following December 2008 Frosty Week in the highlands of Galicia (Click image to enlarge)

For Northwestern Spain, things have been relatively mild by late 2008. Excepting the worst snowfall in 15 years covering the highest hills, our cold hardy Eucalyptus in Galicia have not endured the effects of the Siberian cold wave of January 2009. However they have suffered one year more the effects of an almost classical "Christmas Frosty Week".

Seven consecutive frost & ice events put the eucalypt plantations of inland Galicia (mainly Eucalyptus nitens cultivated forests at 500-800 meter elevation) to yet another good cold hardiness test, especially when grown at frost pockets, as in the pictured case. After years of observation of weather patterns during the worst of winter and its impact on over two dozen of Eucalyptus species on trial, there it goes our prediction (Fig. 1) for frost damage impact after the December 2008 events.

Cold hardy Eucalyptus nitens & Eucalyptus globulus frost damage assessment methodology by GIT / Método GIT para evaluacion de daños por helada a Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus globulus y otras especies de eucalipto resistentes al frio / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoria y Servicios de Ingenieria Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo
Fig. 2 - 2008 assessment of frost & ice damage to Eucalyptus nitens following December 2007 Frosty Week in the highlands of Galicia (Click image to enlarge)

As a reminder, this "Frosty Week" was milder than the previous one in December 2007 (Fig. 2). That winter, more near the climatic average for our USDA Hardiness Zone 8b, brought interesting results on cold hardiness for several of the Index Species (E. globulus for EUCF Zone, E. nitens for ATL1 Zone and E. gunnii for ATL2 Zone) in our conditions, and also interesting results for other eucalypt species to compare to each of the index species due to their theoretical similarity in tolerance to frost.


Suggestion of Key Climatic Parameters to Assess Eucalyptus Cold Hardiness

  • Absolute minimum air temperature (minima minimorum) during the most restrictive event of a given winter: Allows to refine the "non plus ultra" temperatures for successful cultivation of a given species.
  • Tendency of daily minimum air temperatures for the longest span of consecutive frost events, or previous and following days to one-night singular frost events: Allows a look at a broader range of events and their potential interaction. As example, you can compare to the dew point to work out when the frost point is reached, so when your eucalypts go from the fridge to the freezer.
  • Longest time span under zero (0ºC / 32ºF): Allows the identification of frosting and defrosting patterns, or trees going in and out of the freezer, even if just some hours per day. And helps to work out what is the "non plus ultra" time in the freezer for your eucalypts.
  • Tendency of daily maximum air temperatures for the longest span of consecutive frost events, or previous and following days to one-night singular frost events: Allows the identification of radiational frost events and changes in temperature gradients along tree height, which can be dependant on insolation. If available for several heights adapted to crop height, then you kick ass.
  • Tendency of soil temperatures for the longest span of consecutive frost events, or previous and following days to one-night singular frost events. Allows to track the extent of "near-permafrost", if any, and its damage to root systems (which affects Eucalyptus resurrection!).

Keeping track of all this is not that easy, as you surely need some hi tech weather measuring equipment. But not all of this is necessary everywhere. However a sound base weather station to which correlate field measurements or data collected from temporary outlier weather sensors can save you some headaches. For amenity growers, absolute minima and maximum lenght of under zero periods are the minimum quantitative information to try to track and keep records of!

You can't grow Eucalyptus there...

Because it snows. Or because winters are frosty. So yes. Don't try. It is impossible.

Cold hardy Eucalyptus nitens & Eucalyptus globulus frost damage assessment methodology by GIT / Método GIT para evaluacion de daños por helada a Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus globulus y otras especies de eucalipto resistentes al frio / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoria y Servicios de Ingenieria Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo
(Click image to enlarge)

Also at EUCALYPTOLOGICS...





Contact GIT Forestry Consulting / Contact Eucalyptologics / Contacto GIT Forestry Consulting / Contacto Eucalyptologics / Lugo, Galicia, Spain, EspañaContact GIT Forestry Consulting - Eucalyptologics

EUCALYPTOLOGICS: GIT Forestry Consulting Eucalyptus Blog / Information Resources on Eucalyptus Cultivation Worldwide / Forestry Engineering, Eucalyptus Seed, Eucalyptus Plants, Eucalyptus Wood, Eucalyptus Honey, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Forests, Eucalyptus Plantations, Eucalyptus Timber, Eucalyptus Lumber, Eucalyptus Furniture, Eucalyptus Veneer, Eucalyptus Plywood, Eucalyptus MDF Board, Eucalyptus Cellulose, Eucalyptus Paper, Eucalyptus Biomass, Eucalyptus Energy, Eucalyptus Floristry, Eucalyptus Foliage, Eucalyptus Garden / Ingenieria Forestal, Semilla de eucalipto, Plantas de eucalipto, Madera de eucalipto, Miel de eucalipto, Aceite Esencial de eucalipto, Bosque de eucalipto, Plantacion de eucalipto, Muebles de eucalipto, Tablero de eucalipto, MDF de eucalipto, Celulosa de eucalipto, Papel de eucalipto, Biomasa de eucalipto, Energia de eucalipto, Ramillo Verde Ornamental de Eucalipto, Jardin de EucaliptoGIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2007-2008 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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Bloggers Unite for Refugees: Eucalyptus & small miracles

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Eucalyptus: Sowing Small Miracles


Eucalyptus as framing and building material in refugee camps of Ethiopia


"Closer contact with the city of Addis Ababa showed that its attractiveness seen from afar was an illusion. The houses are built of mud over a framework of Eucalyptus poles tied together with homemade grass ropes and most of them are whitewashed. There are no sidewalks and the roads are roughly paved with sharp rocks laid by hand. As there are no street lights, foreigners stumble badly when trying to get around at night although the barefooted natives do not seem to have any difficulty. The surrounding hills and the innumerable Eucalyptus trees, however, are beautiful. This was a treeless country until the government imported literally millions of Eucalyptus sprouts from Australia."

U.S. Navy radio operators reporting from Abyssinia in 1935 under Cornelius Van Hemert Engert, US Minister Resident
 


"Ethiopia hosted about 201,700 refugees and asylum seekers (…) 111,600 Somalis who fled the collapse of the Somali state (…) 55,400 Sudanese who fled the civil war in the south of Sudan (…) some 23,900 Eritrean refugees (…) New Eritrean arrivals received four eucalyptus poles and a plastic sheet for shelter"

United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants - World Refugee Survey 2008



"About 450 000 Rwandan refugees have flooded into ex-Zaire over the border of South Kivu (…) A large part of fuelwood was also supplied by the National Research Centre for Natural Sciences (CRSN), which is located about 20 km north of the camp. The staff of CRSN cut down Eucalyptus trees on its site and sold them to obtain cash for everyday living. (…) The camp site was almost cropless when we visited it. (…) The Eucalyptus owned by CRSN, which were cut down but left with stumps, are regenerating and are up to 10 to 15 cm in diameter and several meters high"



 
"More than 165,000 people are living in the camps (…) An oasis garden, however, shaded by eucalyptus trees, grows some fruit and vegetables …"

Australian Delegation to Saharawi Refugee Camps in Tindouf
 


"When Rwandan refugees arrived, many natural coppices were cut down. Today Mwese is on the steep range of hills with very few woods. At the same time of the refugee camp, new woods were brought about; blue gums (Eucalyptus globulus Labill. L.), Scotch pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), common spruces (Pinus abies L. Karst), and today these woods are commonly used as timbers."



Eucalyptus and bamboo poles for housing and building in refugee camps of Thailand and Cambodia


"A total of 130,000 refugees including two minority groups, the Karen and the Karenni, have fled from Myanmar to Thailand (…) Bamboo and eucalyptus are the main building materials. These are procured outside the camp and shipped in by SVA because cutting timber in the camp area is prohibited. The roofs are made from leaves that fall from trees within the camp. As there is no electricity in the camps, six semi-transparent plastic sheets about two meters in length are built into the roof as skylights to provide interior lighting. Floors are raised on stilts. Male refugees construct the building and it takes eight men about ten days to complete it."

Miyake Takafumi, Japanese aid in Thailand

 

"As many as 120,000 Lebanese refugees are stranded in Beirut after fleeing the conflict (…) With the first donations the students set up two drinking water tanks under a eucalyptus tree. Three to four hundred people currently live in the park …"

Ulrike Putz reporting from Beirut to Der Spiegel



"The amount of wood distributed to refugees in the camps increased by a factor of three (…) trucks brought some 650 tons of wood to the camps each day, approximately equivalent to cutting one square kilometer of eucalyptus stands per month (…) when that figure is applied to overall wood consumption rates in all five camps, we see that the wood-distribution efforts effectively allowed a significant reduction in the deforestation rate"




"We learn that this particular Batwa community recently fled to the Ugandan side of the border after much of their clan was wiped out by Rwandan soldiers (…)They sit us on a crooked eucalyptus bench and proceed to sing and dance with great intensity. The cumulative effect of the entire experience leaves us teary-eyed and emotionally depleted. (…) The shell of Idi Amin's old villa haunts the landscape. As the sun sets, we watch evening commuters paddling home in eucalyptus canoes."




"Thai authorities also asked to supply materials for housing repairs in all camps since they were concerned that the refugees were still depleting the local forests. During that year bamboo and eucalyptus poles were supplied to most camps and thatch or roofing leaves to some (…) We committed to providing sufficient materials for building new houses and repairs so that refugees should not have to leave the camps to supplement the building materials supplied, thereby exposing themselves to the risk of arrest or abuse."

Thailand Burma Border Consortium, UK aid in Thailand

 
Eucalyptus renewable firewood source for refugee camps in Cambodia and Thailand


"The refugees were cutting down seventy tons of firewood a day... that's like five tractor-trailers of firewood each day! It was a big problem. So the Evangelical Church of the Congo asked us to help with a reforestation project. The idea was it was compensation for the local communities that had welcomed the refugees. The communities benefited from the reforestation, and we also hired people from those communities to work in the nurseries. We produced about a million trees. The project propagated and planted eucalyptus trees, since that was the variety that was cut down for firewood."

Krista Rigalo and Fidele Lumeya, Peace Missionaries in Congo



"They use pretty much anything they can lay their hands on, but that eucalyptus — because it grows so well there — is the main framing material that is used. Then layers of a mud preparation are applied directly to the framing — first on the inside and, following a cure time of three weeks, on the outside. An iron roof goes on top and that’s prettymuch it."

 
 

"Clean water was not readily available. The family cooked over a small fire of twigs and dried eucalyptus leaves. They had only one bottle, and no refrigerator. It was a recipe for disaster, but I thought maybe the child would get enough calories to recover."

Christina Zarowski, Canadian aid in Ethiopia



"Eucalipto nao se come" ("You cannot eat Eucalyptus") - Vía Campesina, justifiying destruction of Eucalyptus timber crops for no useful purpose


Haile Selassie and Cornelius Van Hemert Engert, witnesses of Eucalyptus small miracles

"Those trees came from Australia 30 years ago, when I was a boy. We have grown up together."

Ras Tafari Makonnen – Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, 1935

 

Eucalyptus... Firewood... Shelter... Housing... Shade... Timber... Labour... Building... Protection... Hope



"The means may be likened to a seed, the end to a tree: and there is just the same inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree"




Bloggers Unite for Refugees - A Blogcatalog Initiative
 
Eucalyptologics joins the Bloggers Unite for Refugees effort with small miracle stories for those fighting in silence, through no violence, to make this world a better place. Sow your humble seeds and nurture them. In peace.


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Pink flowered eucalypts blooming... in Florida

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Swamp Bloodwood eucalypts: pink flowered tropical ornamentals
Notes on phenology and cultivation of Corymbia ptychocarpa (ex Eucalyptus ptychocarpa)

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado Contact GIT Forestry Consulting
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS

We have previously seen at EUCALYPTOLOGICS that one of the main ornamental features of Eucalyptus has to do with their flowers, their shapes, sizes and colours. Typical commonly cultivated species out of Australia usually have white stamens, and can be attractive both when individual flowers are of a big size, or when small sized flowers are well arranged in attractive clusters. But there are other possibilities with varying cold hardiness suitable for cultivation either in mediterranean, cold temperate or subtropical climates.

Corymbia ptychocarpa tropical ornamental eucalypt in bloom, Leu Gardens, Orlando, Florida / Eucalipto ornamental tropical de flor roja, Leu Gardens / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo

Fig. 1: Pink flower detail for Corymbia ptychocarpa at Harry P. Leu Gardens. (Image courtesy Eric Schmidt, click to enlarge)

Swamp Bloodwoods have started blooming by October at Leu Gardens (Orlando, Florida), our friend Eric Schmidt, resident Botanical Records Specialist, reports. And this type of tree is exactly one of the nice possibilities for the ornamental use of red or pink flowering eucalypts in tropical or subtropical climates.

Corymbia ptychocarpa tropical ornamental eucalypt in bloom, Leu Gardens, Orlando, Florida / Eucalipto ornamental tropical de flor roja, Leu Gardens / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo

Fig. 2: Pink blooms in C. ptychocarpa ssp. ptychocarpa at Leu Gardens. (Image courtesy Eric Schmidt, click to enlarge)

With two main subspecies (ssp. ptychocarpa and ssp. aptycha), the natural habitat of this eucalypt is the Northern Coast of Australia, spanning scattered from QLD to WA. Temperatures here are mild day-long and year-long, frost is unheard of, and humidity levels are regularly high all over the year or at least there is a marked rainy season at some point.

Not surprisingly, this bloodwood eucalypt has become popular as a small tree in parks and gardens of the Northern Territory, where it is native and can bloom from February to June.

Corymbia ptychocarpa tropical ornamental eucalypt in bloom, Leu Gardens, Orlando, Florida / Eucalipto ornamental tropical de flor roja, Leu Gardens / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo

Fig. 3: Large broad adult leaves of C. ptychocarpa at Leu Gardens. (Image courtesy Eric Schmidt, click to enlarge)

So it is popular overseas. As Ester Foelkel reminds us, C. ptychocarpa is the main pink flowering eucalypt cultivated in alike climates of Brazil. And as we see at Leu Gardens, it can also thrive and bloom in the mildest areas of Florida even in its early years.


Fig. 4: Val Littlewood's botanical sketch of Leaf and Fruit of C. ptychocarpa at Leu Gardens (Orlando, FL). Click the image to visit Val's Pencil and Leaf weblog, depicting the flora and fauna at Leu!

It could probably acclimatize well also in not so subtropical climates, with a mediterranean or mild temperate tendence even, as long as absolute minimum temperatures never go below -3ºC (25ºF, equating to USDA Zone 10 or the mildest part of Zone 9) and water supply is abundant, but not excessive. Unlike its close relative species C. ficifolia, it should not be too comfortable in arid conditions. Proper microclimates would increase the chance of survival, and sunny and sheltered spots would increase the chances of early blooming.

Worth to test as described in suitable areas of the TRO (safe), MED1 (risky) or EUCF (risky) zones for Eucalyptus cultivation in Europe, especially wherever blooming C. ficifolia can be used as indicator species. Not in vain some of the most popular ornamental eucalypt hybrid cultivars are the result of crossing both species.

Also in EUCALYPTOLOGICS...


Cold hardiness in Eucalyptus leucoxylon Rosea / Cold hardy Pink flower Eucalyptus in bloom / Resistencia al frio de Eucalipto leucoxylon / Eucalipto de flor roja en floracion / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España / EUCALYPTOLOGICSPink flowered Eucalyptus leucoxylon 'Rosea' in bloom in the UK.
(Photo courtesy Matt Smith)


Discovering Eucalyptus: Anthesis (I) / Descubriendo los Eucalyptus: Antesis / Eucalyptus Botanical Art / Macro Photography / Brian Johnston, Toronto, Canada / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo

Anthesis in Eucalyptus robusta (Swamp Mahogany) flowers.
Photography by Brian Johnston (Click image to enlarge)

Contact us / Subscribe to Eucalyptologics
Contact GIT Forestry Consulting / Contact Eucalyptologics / Contacto GIT Forestry Consulting / Contacto Eucalyptologics / Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España


EUCALYPTOLOGICS: GIT Forestry Consulting Eucalyptus Blog / Information Resources on Eucalyptus Cultivation Worldwide / Forestry Engineering, Eucalyptus Seed, Eucalyptus Plants, Eucalyptus Wood, Eucalyptus Honey, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Forests, Eucalyptus Plantations, Eucalyptus Timber, Eucalyptus Lumber, Eucalyptus Furniture, Eucalyptus Veneer, Eucalyptus Plywood, Eucalyptus MDF Board, Eucalyptus Cellulose, Eucalyptus Paper, Eucalyptus Biomass, Eucalyptus Energy, Eucalyptus Floristry, Eucalyptus Foliage, Eucalyptus Garden / Ingenieria Forestal, Semilla de eucalipto, Plantas de eucalipto, Madera de eucalipto, Miel de eucalipto, Aceite Esencial de eucalipto, Bosque de eucalipto, Plantacion de eucalipto, Muebles de eucalipto, Tablero de eucalipto, MDF de eucalipto, Celulosa de eucalipto, Papel de eucalipto, Biomasa de eucalipto, Energia de eucalipto, Ramillo Verde Ornamental de Eucalipto, Jardin de EucaliptoGIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2007-2008 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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Eucalyptus species identification (IV): fruits work

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By their fruits ye shall know them (IV)
Yet more tips on Eucalyptus Identification

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado Contact GIT Forestry Consulting
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com


We have previously seen in EUCALYPTOLOGICS how bark features alone can be misleading for accurate
Eucalyptus species identification, showing examples of different bark types for the same eucalypt species and of similar bark types for different eucalypt species. We have also seen how in some cases just a small sample of flower buds can yield an accurate identification. Today we will see how just a distant photograph of seed cups (fruits) can yield a very promising species identification.


Eucalyptus species identification by botanical comparison of flower buds and fruits / Identificacion botanica de especies de eucalipto por comparacion de flores y frutos / Eucalyptus cladocalyx, Sugar Gum / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoFig. 1: Example of fruit based diagnosis useful for accurate Eucalyptus species identification (Click image to enlarge)

Our good friend Phil at Eucs-In-Habitat reported a mystery Eucalyptus growing in San Fernando Valley. Drew, the local observer in California, followed our recommended sequential observation process for eucalypt identification and took photographs of the overall outlook of the tree, its bark and of reproductive organs (blooming flowers, but more importantly, seed cups, the fruits).


Eucalyptus species identification by botanical comparison of flower buds and fruits / Identificacion botanica de especies de eucalipto por comparacion de flores y frutos / Flowering Eucalyptus cladocalyx in bloom, Sugar Gum / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoFig 3: Blooming Eucalyptus cladocalyx in California. Image courtesy of Drew_2008. (Click image to enlarge)

These fruit samples, even if just photographed using a zoom, are what allows a very good bet as botanical identification of this
Eucalyptus tree (see Fig. 1) by comparison to a botanical plate prepared with locally collected samples. And the solution was Eucalyptus cladocalyx, also known by its vernacular name Sugar Gum.

In addition, once again a look back in time paying attention to previous eucalypt experts can yield complementary data to support or reject an attempt of Eucalyptus species identification.



"When Eucalyptus plantation testing was at its height in California, sugar gum was fourth in popularity, amounting to about one tree in 25. So although old specimens are not common today, nevertheless there are always some not far away. (...) The tall smooth boles are free from lower branches and are in many cases recognizable on sight by warm-colored bark, with long vertical fissures and horizontal rows of dimples left over from insect bites years ago. On the ground you can pick up distinctive barrel-shaped fruit in clusters of up to 15 in number; these clusters in themselves suffice to give you confidence that you are under a sugar gum the next time you see them among the ground litter."


Eucalyptus species identification for this tree as E. cladocalyx makes sense then both in botanical but also in geographic and historical contexts. No doubt, once again we can see Eucalyptology is an interdisciplinary science.


Acknowledgements

To Matt Ritter for his efforts botanising Californian Eucalyptus and discovering Australian giants in the Sunny State. To John Rawlings and the team at Stanford Grounds Service for their effort not only preserving but also publicising online the botanical heritage of the campus. And to Ron Bracewell, possibly at this moment planting Eucalyptus and radio telescope antennas somewhere beyond our knowledge.


Also in Eucalyptologics...

Eucalyptus species identification by botanical comparison of flower buds and fruits / Identificacion botanica de especies de eucalipto por comparacion de flores y frutos / Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Tuart / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoExample of "flower bud only" diagnosis useful for accurate Eucalyptus species identification

Eucalyptus species identification: bark is not enough / Identificacion botanica de especies de eucalipto: la corteza no basta / Eucalyptus botanical sampling / Flower buds, capsules, bark / Flores, capsulas, corteza / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo

Example of "bark only" diagnosis misleading Eucalyptus species identification (Click image to enlarge)

Ornamental Eucalyptus Worldwide: Flower Buds / Eucaliptos ornamentales a lo ancho del mundo: flores / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoExamples of distinct flower bud characteristics in different Eucalyptus species. (Click image to enlarge)

Eucalyptus Identification, example of sample collection for species determination / Identificación de eucaliptos, ejemplo de recolecta de muestras para determinación botánica de la especie / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoExample of botanical sample gathering methodology for accurate Eucalyptus species identification (Click to enlarge)


Eucalyptus seed capsules, flower buds, immature seed pods, mature seed pods, senescent seed pods, capsule collection and seed extraction methodology / Semilla de eucalipto, flor de eucalipto, capsulas inmaduras de eucalipto, capsulas maduras de eucalipto, capsulas extramaduras de eucalipto y metodos para cosecha de semilla de eucalipto / Eucalyptus pauciflora seed / Snow Gum Seed / Semilla de Eucalipto de las Nieves / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoDifferent simultaneous stages of the reproductive cycle and eucalypt seed maturation process in a standing Snow Gum Eucalyptus tree.(Click to enlarge)


Cold hardy Eucalyptus forestry seedling nurseries in Galicia / Viveros de planta de eucalipto resistente a la helada en Galicia / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoAfter Eucalyptus seed collection: examples of Eucalyptus seedling nursery stock for afforestation (Click to enlarge)



Find a local expert to ID your Eucalyptus


If you have an unknown eucalypt around and you are able to collect and photograph samples of the key organs needed for identification, do not hesitate contacting GIT Forestry Consulting.

Eucalyptus species identification: Contact GIT Forestry Consulting / Identificación de especies de eucalipto: Contacte a GIT Forestry Consulting / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo
If you are in the USA and find it easier to post fresh samples to a local expert, you can also contact Dr. Matt Ritter, resident eucalypt hunter at the California Polytechnic State University.

Cal Poly Plant Conservatory / Giant Karri Eucalyptus diversicolor discovered by Matt Ritter at Cal Poly Canyon, San Luis Obispo, California, USA / Ejemplar gigante de Eucalipto Karri cazado por Matt Ritter en el rancho de Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, California / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoVisit Cal Poly Plant Conservatory


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Contact GIT Forestry Consulting / Contact Eucalyptologics / Contacto GIT Forestry Consulting / Contacto Eucalyptologics / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundoContact GIT Forestry Consulting - Eucalyptologics

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© 2008 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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