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Cold hardy Eucalyptus hybrids... in the Danish Fjords!

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Identifying Mystery Eucalyptus: The case of E. gunnii x nitens hybrids... in Denmark!

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado Contact GIT Forestry Consulting SL
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS


We have previously showed you around here different cases of "odd eucalypts" growing in different parts of the world. First, the case of our friend Ian Barclay at the Desert Northwest finding a new eucalypt hybrid (Eucalyptus crenulata x nitens) growing among his ornamental plant stock. Then, some stories about hybrid E. gundal (Eucalyptus gunnii x dalrympleana) developed in France for forestry purposes. And some more blabla about Eucalyptus globulus x nitens, another potentially interesting hybrid choice for timber production.

Today we bring you some more about eucalypt hybrids. In this case, a type with some interest for those growing the ubiquitous Australian trees in the boundaries of their tolerance to cold. From Denmark, after enduring 8 winters, and thanks to Martin Reimers, we take a peek at Eucalyptus gunnii x nitens ... in two botanical plates!


Botanical identification of cold hardy hybrid Eucalyptus gunnii x nitens found in Denmark / Identificacion botánica del eucalipto híbrido E. gunnii x nitens resistente a las heladas localizado en Dinamarca / Martin Reimers, Eucalyptus Knowledge from Denmark, www.eukalyptus.dk / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, Roberto Carballeira Tenreiro, Javier Folgueira Lozano y Asociados / GIT Forestry Consulting SL, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo

Fig. 1: Botanical assessment of photographic samples leading to the identification of Martin Reimers' mystery Eucalyptus growing in the Northern shores of the Flensburg Fjord, Denmark, as a hybrid Eucalyptus gunnii x nitens. (Click the image to enlarge, 1280 x 1024 pix)

Product of the viable cross of two relatively closely related eucalypt taxa (both E. gunnii and E. nitens belong to subgenus Symphyomyrtus, Section Maidenaria, and differ just as part of Series Orbiculares and Series Globulares respectively, so they are somewhat "close cousins") , this particular interserial hybrid combination would be very unlikely without human intervention, since each species has its habitat at one side of the Bass Strait.


Botanical identification of cold hardy hybrid Eucalyptus gunnii x nitens found in Denmark / Identificacion botánica del eucalipto híbrido E. gunnii x nitens resistente a las heladas localizado en Dinamarca / Martin Reimers, Eucalyptus Knowledge from Denmark, www.eukalyptus.dk / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, Roberto Carballeira Tenreiro, Javier Folgueira Lozano y Asociados / GIT Forestry Consulting SL, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo

Fig. 2: Complementary botanical assessment of E. gunnii x nitens depicting the juvenile organs of both parent species and the hybrid cross. (Click image to enlarge, 1024 x 768 px).


Interestingly, Martin's tree shows some of the well desired effects of heterosis, and of a lucky combination of inherited good form, fast growth and cold hardiness. Precisely, if at some point we hinted that E. globulus x nitens could be of interest for some addition of cold hardiness to a benchmark species for short rotation timber plantations, this time the addition comes "on the other side of the frost spectrum".

Not in vain, fast growing E. nitens, a relatively cold hardy eucalypt species for temperate atlantic climates, able to tolerate a good number of frost events each winter but not extremely well adapted to harsh winters much beyond USDA Hardiness Zone 8a has, in this case, crossed with one of the cold hardiest eucalypts, the Tasmanian Cider Gum, able to survive in USDA Zone 7a. A promising sign for its, by now, good performance in an area of the world you would not instantly associate to the Australian trees.


Some Interesting Literature...

Listed below, some relevant bibliographic sources for cases like this, which could give the reader some insight on the mechanisms that made hybrid Eucalyptus trees like Martin's possible, and beyond possible, understandable. Reasons enough for compliments to be always sent to the Eucalyptus of France and Tasmania.


Cauvin B, Potts BM & Potts WC (1987). Eucalyptus: Hybridation artificielle - barrieres et hérédité des caracteres. Annales de Recherches Silvicoles 1986, AFOCEL, Paris. pp. 255-303.

Tibbits WN, & Reid JB (1987). Frost resistance in Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden: genetic and seasonal aspects of variation. Australian Forest Research, 17 (1), 29-47 DOI: 0004-914X

Tibbits WN & Reid JB (1987). Frost Resistance in Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden: Physiological Aspects of Hardiness. Australian Journal of Botany, 35 (3), 235-250. DOI: 10.1071/BT9870235

Griffin AR, Burgess IP & Wolf L (1988). Patterns of Natural and Manipulated Hybridisation in the Genus Eucalyptus L'Hérit. A Review. Australian Journal of Botany, 36 (1). DOI: 10.1071/BT9880041

Tibbits WN (1988). Germination and Morphology of Progeny From Controlled Pollinations of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden. Australian Journal of Botany, 36 (6). DOI: 10.1071/BT9880677

Tibbits WN (1989). Controlled Pollination Studies with Shining Gum (Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden). Forestry, 62 (2), 111-126. DOI: 10.1093/forestry/62.2.111

Tibbits WN, Potts BM & Savva, MH (1991). Inheritance of freezing resistance in interspecific F1 hybrids of Eucalyptus. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 83 (1). DOI: 10.1007/BF00229235


Bookmark this Interesting Link...


Besides growing several cold hardy Eucalyptus species with good potential for survival in the Eastern coast of Jutland, our fellow forester Martin Reimers has started to put together a wonderful database of performance for recently cultivated Eucalyptus all over Denmark.


Martin Reimers, Eucalyptus Knowledge from Denmark, www.eukalyptus.dk, Eukalyptus I Danmark / Botanical identification of cold hardy hybrid Eucalyptus gunnii x nitens found in Denmark / Identificacion botánica del eucalipto híbrido E. gunnii x nitens resistente a las heladas localizado en Dinamarca / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, Roberto Carballeira Tenreiro, Javier Folgueira Lozano y Asociados / GIT Forestry Consulting SL, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo



Besides a growing amount of information on the history of Eucalyptus cultivation in Denmark, at www.eukalyptus.dk you can find fine photographic examples of E. gunnii (Cider Gum), E. gunnii x nitens, E. perriniana (Spinning Gum), E. dalrympleana (Mountain White Gum), E. pauciflora ssp. debeuzevillei (Jounama Snow Gum), E. pauciflora (White Sallee), E. nitens (Shining Gum), E. urnigera (Urn Fruited Gum) E. rubida (Candlebark), E. barberi (Barber's Gum), E. coccifera (Tasmanian Snow Gum), E. johnstonii (Tasmanian Yellow Gum), E. subcrenulata (Alpine Yellow Gum) and E. delegatensis (Alpine Ash) including detailed records of their cultivation and behaviour in such an apparently impossible location as the fjords, plains and islands of Denmark.

Some of these grow in the grounds of tree famous places as Copenhagen's Botanical Garden , recent receiver of Eucalyptus wedding gifts of Australia to Crown Princes Frederik and Mary; or as Hørsholm Arboretum, the largest collection of trees and shrubs in Denmark. But many do thrive also in the gardens of adventurous horticulturalists and private plant collectors scattered over the country, proving that at least the cold hardiest species within the genus can survive and bloom in yet another piece of Scandinavia.


Also in EUCALYPTOLOGICS... THE EUCALYPTUS OF THE FJORDS


Eucalyptus dalrympleana flowers at 61ºN in Nautesund, Norway /Northernmost flowering eucalypt in the world / Eucalipto blanco de montaña floreciendo a 61ºN en Nautesund, Noruega / El eucalipto en flor más septentrional del mundo / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, Roberto Carballeira Tenreiro, Javier Folgueira Lozano y Asociados / GIT Forestry Consulting SL, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo



www.Eucalyptushaven.dk / Frank Diron / Fanoe / Jutland / Spinning Gum, Eucalyptus perrininana flowering in Denmark, cold hardy ornamental eucalypt for cold temperate gardens / Eucalipto giratorio en floracion en Dinamarca, eucalipto resistente a las heladas para jardines atlanticos / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, Roberto Carballeira Tenreiro, Javier Folgueira Lozano y Asociados / GIT Forestry Consulting SL, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo



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Contact GIT Forestry Consulting / Contact Eucalyptologics / Contacto GIT Forestry Consulting / Contacto Eucalyptologics / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, Roberto Carballeira Tenreiro, Javier Folgueira Lozano y Asociados / GIT Forestry Consulting SL, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics, information resources on Eucalyptus cultivation around the world / Eucalyptologics, recursos de informacion sobre el cultivo del eucalipto en el mundo

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© 2007-2009 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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Kraft Process: Eucalyptus woodchip impregnation... by Celso Foelkel

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Eucalyptus Wood Chip Impregnation by Kraft Liquor during chip cooking / Eucalyptus Online Book, May 2009, by Celso Foelkel / Eucalyptus Wisdom from Brazil / Impregnación de astillas de eucalipto por el licor de cocido Kraft / Libro Online Eucalipto, Marzo 2009, por Celso Foelkel / Ecoeficacia, Ecoeficiencia, Produccion Mas Limpia / Sabiduría eucalíptica desde Brasil

by Celso Foelkel


Eucalyptus Wood Chip Impregnation by Kraft Liquor during chip cooking / Eucalyptus Online Book, May 2009, by Celso Foelkel / Eucalyptus Wisdom from Brazil / Impregnación de astillas de eucalipto por el licor de cocido Kraft / Libro Online Eucalipto, Marzo 2009, por Celso Foelkel / Ecoeficacia, Ecoeficiencia, Produccion Mas Limpia / Sabiduría eucalíptica desde Brasil

(Click image to enlarge)



Summary of Contents

  • Introduction on the Kraft Process
  • Basic concepts on Eucalyptus wood chip impregnation
  • Eucalyptus wood chips and a more efficient impregnation during Kraft cooking
  • Cooking liquors and their impact on wood chip impregnation
  • Eucalyptus wood anatomy and its impact on wood chip impregnation
  • Wood chip pre-steaming: improving impregnation
  • Summing up and reinforcing important concepts on wood chips and cooking
  • Modelling the impregnation process
  • New opportunities for wood chip impregnation
  • Final Considerations
  • References & Recommended literature
See other chapters of the EUCALYPTUS ONLINE BOOK
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Grau Celsius - Celsius Degree - Celso Foelkel Eucalyptus Wisdom - Sabiduria Eucaliptica de Celso Foelkel

Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter are technical information texts written and made available free of charge to all people involved with the forestry and utilization of the Eucalyptus. It depends only on registering yourself to receive them.

This knowledge oriented service was made possible through sponsoring support provided by ABTCP - Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp and Paper and by Botnia, International Paper do Brasil, Conestoga-Rovers & Associates , Suzano and Votorantim Celulose e Papel. The opinions expressed in the texts are those of the author or coming from the referenced technical literature. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.

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