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Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 13 - by Celso Foelkel

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Eucalyptus Online Book and Newsletter, February 2008, by Celso Foelkel / Eucalyptus Wisdom from Brazil / Boletín Online Eucalipto, Febrero 2008, por Celso Foelkel / Sabiduría eucalíptica desde Brasil
Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 13 - February 2008
by Celso Foelkel

Summary of Contents


Previous Issues


Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter are technical information texts written and made available free of charge to all people involved with the forestry and utilization of the Eucalyptus. It depends only on registering yourself to receive them.

Technical coordination - Celso Foelkel

Webmaster / editing - Alessandra Foelkel
Celsius Degree: Phone (+55-51) 3338-4809
Copyright © 2007-2010


This knowledge oriented service was made possible through sponsoring support provided by ABTCP - Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp and Paper and by Botnia, Aracruz, International Paper do Brasil, Conestoga-Rovers & Associates and Suzano. The opinions expressed in the texts are those of the author or coming from the referenced technical literature. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.


Grau Celsius - Celsius Degree - Celso Foelkel Eucalyptus Wisdom

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Discovering Eucalyptus: Anthesis (I)

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Eucalyptus, from Greek ευ (well) + κάλυπτος (veiled) = "Well covered"
Anthesis, from Greek άνθος (flower) + ησις (event) = "The time or action of a flower opening"

Discovering Eucalyptus: Anthesis (I) / Descubriendo los Eucalyptus: Antesis / Eucalyptus Botanical Art / Macro Photography / Brian Johnston, Toronto, Canada / Gustavo Iglesias Trabado, GIT Forestry Consulting, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics
Anthesis in Eucalyptus robusta (Swamp Mahogany) flowers.
Photography by Brian Johnston (Click image to enlarge)



"The tree above described appears to be undoubtedly of the same genus as that cultivated in some greenhouses in England, which Mr. L'Héritier has described in his Sertum Anglicum (1) but we dare not assert it to be the same species, nor can this point be determined till the flowers and every part of both be seen and compared"

John White Esquire, Surgeon-General to the First Fleet and the Settlement at Port Jackson (2)


References

Links

by Brian Johnston (Canada)

Views Through a Mathematical Microscope of Some Three-Dimensional Oddities
by Brian Johnston (Canada)


Also in EUCALYPTOLOGICS...

Recherche Bay in Tasmania where Labillardiere discovers Eucalyptus globulus / Recherche Bay en Tasmania donde Labillardiere descubre el eucalipto globulus / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoria y Servicios de Ingenieria Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España, EucalyptologicsThe Footprints of Citizen Labillardière


EUCALYPTOLOGICS: GIT Forestry Consulting Eucalyptus Blog / Information Resources on Eucalyptus Cultivation Worldwide / Forestry Engineering, Eucalyptus Seed, Eucalyptus Plants, Eucalyptus Wood, Eucalyptus Honey, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Forests, Eucalyptus Plantations, Eucalyptus Timber, Eucalyptus Lumber, Eucalyptus Furniture, Eucalyptus Veneer, Eucalyptus Plywood, Eucalyptus MDF Board, Eucalyptus Cellulose, Eucalyptus Paper, Eucalyptus Biomass, Eucalyptus Energy, Eucalyptus Floristry, Eucalyptus Foliage, Eucalyptus Garden / Ingenieria Forestal, Semilla de eucalipto, Plantas de eucalipto, Madera de eucalipto, Miel de eucalipto, Aceite Esencial de eucalipto, Bosque de eucalipto, Plantacion de eucalipto, Muebles de eucalipto, Tablero de eucalipto, MDF de eucalipto, Celulosa de eucalipto, Papel de eucalipto, Biomasa de eucalipto, Energia de eucalipto, Ramillo Verde Ornamental de Eucalipto, Jardin de EucaliptoGIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2008 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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Eucalyptus monocultures taking over the world?

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100 years after Navarro de Andrade started industrial scale Eucalyptus cultivation in Brazil, we bring you today a look at the largest and most advanced Eucalyptus timber based single-cellulosic pulp mill line in the world and its cultivated Eucalyptus forests ... at bird's sight!

Veracel Airlines

Video courtesy Edson Vargens


Veracel Eucalyptus Cellulose Pulp Mill, Bahia, Brazil / Aracruz Celulose / Stora Enso / World Class Eucalyptus Forestry and Pulp Industry / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoria y Servicios de Ingenieria Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain / Eucalyptologics

Are you worried about the ecological footprint of intensive tree farming? Have you heard of tree monocultures taking over the world? There are surely problems to solve, but there are also some unsustainable myths ...

Simple Math for People Worried About "Evil" Eucalyptus Propaganda

Veracel = 164,600 hectares = 1,150,000 tons of pulp per year
  • Eucalyptus plantations = 78,100 hectares
  • Environmental recovery & preservation = 79,000 hectares

State of Bahía = 56,469,200 hectares
Veracel Eucalyptus plantations = 0.14% of Bahía; 0.019% of Brazil


Brazil = 851,487,700 hectares
  • Soybean= 22,949,000 ha ( 2.69% of Brazil)
  • Corn = 11,559,000 ha ( 1.36% of Brazil)
  • Sugar Cane = 6,172,000 ha (0.72% of Brazil)
  • Rice = 3,916,000 ha (0.46% of Brazil)
  • Wheat = 2,361,000 ha (0.28% of Brazil)
Combined major agricultural crops = 46,957,000 ha (5.5% of Brazil)

Eucalyptus plantations = circa 4,000,000 hectares
(0.5% of Brazil, LESS THAN 1%!)


Do You Still Believe "the evil " Eucalyptus monocultures are taking over the world??
EUCALYPTOLOGICS: GIT Forestry Consulting Eucalyptus Blog / Information Resources on Eucalyptus Cultivation Worldwide / Forestry Engineering, Eucalyptus Seed, Eucalyptus Plants, Eucalyptus Wood, Eucalyptus Honey, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Forests, Eucalyptus Plantations, Eucalyptus Timber, Eucalyptus Lumber, Eucalyptus Furniture, Eucalyptus Veneer, Eucalyptus Plywood, Eucalyptus MDF Board, Eucalyptus Cellulose, Eucalyptus Paper, Eucalyptus Biomass, Eucalyptus Energy, Eucalyptus Floristry, Eucalyptus Foliage, Eucalyptus Garden / Ingenieria Forestal, Semilla de eucalipto, Plantas de eucalipto, Madera de eucalipto, Miel de eucalipto, Aceite Esencial de eucalipto, Bosque de eucalipto, Plantacion de eucalipto, Muebles de eucalipto, Tablero de eucalipto, MDF de eucalipto, Celulosa de eucalipto, Papel de eucalipto, Biomasa de eucalipto, Energia de eucalipto, Ramillo Verde Ornamental de Eucalipto, Jardin de EucaliptoGIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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Northernmost "Cold Hardy" Eucalyptus: 78ºN

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Eucalyptus will survive Doomsday
or the funny story of E. largiflorens becoming the Northernmost Eucalypt in the World

The Norwegian Government inaugurated yesterday the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the remote Spitsbergen Island in the Arctic Circle, receiving shipments of 100 million seeds that originated in over 100 countries.

Eucalyptus largiflorens at the Global Seed Vault, Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway / Northernmost Cold Hardy Eucalyptus at 78ºNFig. 1: Entrance to the Global Seed Vault at Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway)

Current deposits range from unique varieties of major African and Asian food staples such as maize, rice, wheat, cowpea, and sorghum to European and South American varieties of eggplant, lettuce, barley, and potato; but also include representatives of important trees used worldwide as sources of firewood, timber or raw fibre as Acacia, Pinus and Eucalyptus.

Eucalyptus largiflorens at the Global Seed Vault, Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway / Northernmost Cold Hardy Eucalyptus at 78ºNFig. 2: Genus Eucalyptus represented at the Global Seed Vault (Click to see Seed List; or click to see Full Seed List)

This “fail-safe” facility, dug deep into the frozen rock of an Arctic mountain, will secure for centuries, or longer, the most comprehensive and diverse collection of hundreds of millions of seeds representing every important crop variety available in the world today.

Eucalyptus largiflorens at the Global Seed Vault, Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway / Northernmost Cold Hardy Eucalyptus at 78ºNAs well as protecting against the daily loss of plant diversity, the vault could also prove indispensable for restarting agricultural production at the regional or global level in the wake of a natural or man-made disaster. Contingencies for climate change have been worked into the plan. Even in the worst-case scenarios of global warming, the vault rooms will remain naturally frozen for up to 200 years.

Eucalyptus largiflorens at the Global Seed Vault, Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway / Northernmost Cold Hardy Eucalyptus at 78ºNFig. 4: Eucalyptus largiflorens, first Eucalyptus at latitude 78ºN

500 seeds of Eucalyptus largiflorens donated by the International Livestock Research Institute of Ethiopia travelled from Adis Ababa to Norway to become the Northernmost "Cold Hardy" Eucalyptus in the world (until we convince Sir Richard Branson to help us drop a seed packet near the North Pole!)

Even if just 1 of several hundred Eucalyptus taxa is represented by now at the Svalbard Global Seed Ark, these plants naturally prone to resurrection after surviving natural disasters, the ubiquitous Australian Gum Trees, are finally safe from Apocalypse in the permafrost of the Doomsday Vault.


croptrust.org / Global Crop Diversity Trust / Svalbard Global Seed VaultNORGEN - Nordic Genetic Resource Center / NORGEN - Nordiskt Genresurscenter / Svalbard globale frøhvelv / Svalbard Global Seed Vault

Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Norway / Landbruks- og matdepartementet, Norge / Landbruks- og matdepartementet / Svalbard globale frøhvelv /Svalbard Global Seed Vault


Curious links

An intrepid plantsman photographs what is possibly the northernmost flowering Eucalyptus in the world not very far away from Spitsbergen. A blooming E. dalrympleana... in the fjords of Norway!


EUCALYPTOLOGICS: GIT Forestry Consulting Eucalyptus Blog / Information Resources on Eucalyptus Cultivation Worldwide / Forestry Engineering, Eucalyptus Seed, Eucalyptus Plants, Eucalyptus Wood, Eucalyptus Honey, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Forests, Eucalyptus Plantations, Eucalyptus Timber, Eucalyptus Lumber, Eucalyptus Furniture, Eucalyptus Veneer, Eucalyptus Plywood, Eucalyptus MDF Board, Eucalyptus Cellulose, Eucalyptus Paper, Eucalyptus Biomass, Eucalyptus Energy, Eucalyptus Floristry, Eucalyptus Foliage, Eucalyptus Garden / Ingenieria Forestal, Semilla de eucalipto, Plantas de eucalipto, Madera de eucalipto, Miel de eucalipto, Aceite Esencial de eucalipto, Bosque de eucalipto, Plantacion de eucalipto, Muebles de eucalipto, Tablero de eucalipto, MDF de eucalipto, Celulosa de eucalipto, Papel de eucalipto, Biomasa de eucalipto, Energia de eucalipto, Ramillo Verde Ornamental de Eucalipto, Jardin de EucaliptoGIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2008 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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American Plantsman Discovers Eucalyptus Hybrid

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New Hybrid Eucalyptus discovered in the Pacific Northwest
Barclay's Hybrid Eucalyptus crenulata x nitens found in the USA

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado Contact GIT Forestry Consulting
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS

Barclay's Hybrid Eucalyptus crenulata x nitens / Flower buds in Eucalyptus crenulata, Buxton Gum, Silver Gum / Ian Barclay, The Desert Northwest / Washington, USA / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España / EUCALYPTOLOGICSFig 1: Juvenile foliage and flower bud clusters of Eucalyptus crenulata (Buxton Silver Gum)

Barclay's Hybrid Eucalyptus crenulata x nitens / Flower buds in Eucalyptus nitens, Shining Gum, growing in Galicia, Spain / Ian Barclay, The Desert Northwest / Washington, USA / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España / EUCALYPTOLOGICSFig. 2: Adult foliage and flower bud clusters of Eucalyptus nitens (Shining Gum)

We have already discussed in EUCALYPTOLOGICS some examples of Eucalyptus hybrids as E. urograndis (E. urophylla x grandis), E. gundal (E. gunnii x dalrympleana) or E. nitobulus (E. nitens x globulus). Many other examples exist as a result of natural crosses in their native Australian habitats or as an indirect result of human activity after planting compatible trees overseas and letting them cross-breed. For the last 100 years growers have been periodically reporting such cases from the four corners of the world. And today we report what seems to be a new hybrid case: Eucalyptus crenulata x nitens!




Hybrid Eucalyptus Identification: 4 main considerations

1) Close Cousins or not: Taxonomic Distance
  • Eucalyptus crenulata Blakely & de Beuzevill. [1939]: Subtribe Eucalyptinae, Genus Eucalyptus, Subgenus Symphyomyrtus, Section Maidenaria, Series Neglectae, Subseries Crenulatosae
  • Eucalyptus nitens (H. Deane & Maiden) Maiden [1913]: Subtribe Eucalyptinae, Genus Eucalyptus, Subgenus Symphyomyrtus, Section Maidenaria, Series Globulares, Subseries Nitentosae
- Hybrid category: Intra-sectional (Maidenaria), Inter-serial (Neglectae x Globulares)
- Hybridism rank: Common. There are many known examples of natural and man-made Eucalyptus hybrids using species of two different Series within Section Maidenaria.


2) Bee-Made or Man-Made? Checking Habitat Overlap

Eucalyptus crenulata is an endemic species present in just two tiny wild populations in South Central Victoria. Here it survives as part of plant communities where E. ovata, E. viminalis, E. camphora and E. radiata are the only eucalypts sharing its habitat.

E. nitens
has a more widespread natural distribution in the highlands of Central Victoria and further North along the Great Dividing Range into New South Wales. Both species share a somewhat close geographic distribution in Central Victoria but their habitats do not overlap and there is clear reproductive isolation between both gene pools. This means natural hybrids between E. crenulata and E. nitens are not possible in the wild. Hybrid strains can only originate from cross-pollination between compatible parent trees of closely related species planted in some other location.


3) Measure the Beast: Comparative Botanical Diagnosis


One of the most useful parameters to aid Eucalyptus species identification is a detailed study of their reproductive organs: flower buds, flowers and seed capsules. Their numbers, shapes and sizes are key to assist taxonomic study and accurate diagnosis.

Barclay's Hybrid Eucalyptus crenulata x nitens / Flower buds, juvenile leaves and seed capsules in Hybrid Eucalyptus crenulata x nitens,  growing in Olympia, Washington, USA / Ian Barclay, The Desert Northwest / Washington, USA / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España / EUCALYPTOLOGICSFig. 3: Morphologic assessment of purported hybrid Eucalyptus crenulata x nitens. (Click image to enlarge)

For the case of this probable hybrid strain we have the following morphologic clues:
  • Lightly crenulate glaucous juvenile leaves (E. crenulata trait, see Fig. 1)
  • Verrucose non aristate glaucous juvenile stems (E. crenulata trait, see Fig. 1)
  • Distinctively beaked flower buds (E. crenulata trait, see Fig. 1)
  • Barrel shaped non globose glossy green flower buds (non E. crenulata trait, should be glaucous)
  • Flower buds and seed capsules in groups of 7 or lower numbers (non E. crenulata trait, should be in groups of 11 or more)
  • Early transition from sessile orbicular juvenile leaves to opposite stalked falcate leaves before reproductive maturity (non E. crenulata trait, should not show transition to adult foliage)

4) Ask the Parents: Ancestry of the Cultivated Strain

Are you wondering why the "Get to know as much as possible about seed provenance before planting an Eucalyptus" mantra is a good one? Because when a case like this arises, morphology is not enough!

Going further, seed provenance is not enough. Traceability to the original parent trees for at least a couple of generations might be needed. Detective work.

For this case we are lucky enough as to trace back the seed originating this curious specimen to E. crenulata trees planted ex situ from its natural habitat. In this particular location at least another Eucalyptus species grows which could provide all those traits observed as non E. crenulata. And that species is E. nitens (see Fig. 2).


Why Eucalyptus Botany is seldom an easy task

Discussed above, a strange looking eucalypt for which we have followed early and adult growth until reproductive maturity, which allowed observation of apparent intermediate characters between a clear E. crenulata ancestry (verrucose juvenile stems, crenulate juvenile leaf margins, beaked flower buds) and another eucalypt species bearing flower buds and seed capsules in groups of 7, having orbicular juvenile leaves, falcate adult leaves and barrel shaped capsules.

Detective work yielded nice clues of the other parent in this mix being E. nitens, which, as far as we know, would mean a first detailed record of the hybrid strain E. crenulata x nitens, making Barclay's Hybrid an unique specimen and a nice contribution to genecological studies in Genus Eucalyptus.

But...

"At this subpopulation, the mature Buxton Gums are thought to be hybrids between E. crenulata and E. ovata (Adams & Simmons 2000), and the characteristics of individual trees may not be entirely consistent with the species description in the botanical literature (Blakely & de Beuzeville 1939). Hybridisation between related Eucalyptus species is common and widely documented (Pryor & Johnson 1971, 1981; Griffin et al. 1988). Undoubtedly the exchange of genetic material facilitated by hybridisation has been important in the evolution of this large genus (Potts & Wiltshire 1997). (...) Most of the wild ‘Buxton Gums’ at this site are now thought to be introgressed hybrids between E. ovata and E. crenulata (Simmons & Parsons 1976; Adams & Simmons 2000). A limited number of ‘pure’ E. crenulata were recorded from the site in the 1970s (Simmons & Parsons 1976) and early 1980s (Albrecht 1983). However, pure breeding E. crenulata are thought to be no longer present (Adams & Simmons 2000). Genetic analysis of the population is required to confirm this."

White M.; Murphy A. H. & Downe J. (2006)

No matter what, an unique plant!

The previous excerpt points to more detective work needed. Suddendly, Ian's Hybrid has become one of three potential very rare Eucalyptus:
  • A first record of E. crenulata x nitens
  • A first record of E. ovata x crenulata in North America
  • A first record of (E. ovata x crenulata) x nitens
So maybe the thing to do now is a Spaniard annoying some Australian about an Eucalyptus growing in the United States. Aren't these amusing International Plants?


Ian Barclay (BSc Hort. WSU) has been growing rare plants since last century and scattering them all over Washington State (USA) and elsewhere. Among other things he has trialled over 130 species of Eucalyptus trees in the Pacific Northwest as an endeavour to obtain a range of forms and provenances of horticultural merit and to obtain select trees for superior performance and cold-hardiness, which is the most important effort in Eucalyptoculture for Northwestern America since the days of Stan Gessel.


The Desert Northwest, cold-hardy desert plants, cold hardy Eucalyptus, Southern Hemisphere native plants, palms, ferns and subtropicals, and other unusual plants appropriate for gardeners in the Pacific Northwest and beyond / by Ian Barclay / Sequim / Washington / Oregon / British Columbia / USA
References
  • White M.; Murphy A. H. & Downe J. (2006) National Recovery Plan for the Buxton Gum Eucalyptus crenulata. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria.
  • Adams, R. & Simmons, D. (2000) Survival, health and recruitment of Eucalyptus crenulata (Buxton Gum) - Base line data and monitoring guidelines. Unpublished report to the Upper Goulburn Field Naturalists and the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Funded under the Threatened Species Network Community Grant Scheme. NRE, Alexandra.
  • Blakely, W.F. & de Beuzeville, W.A.W. (1939) Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium 1: p. 37.
  • Pryor, L.D. & Johnson, L.A.S. (1971) A classification of the Eucalypts. Australian National University Press, Canberra.
  • Pryor, L.D. and Johnson, L.A.S. (1981) Eucalyptus, the universal Australian. In Ecological Biogeography of Australia. (Ed A. Keast). Dr W Junk, The Hague.
  • Griffin, A.R.; Burgess, I.P. & Wolf, L. (1988) Patterns of natural and manipulated hybridisation in the genus Eucalyptus L’Herit.–a review. Australian Journal of Botany 36: 44–61.
  • Potts. B.M. & Wiltshire, R.J.E. (1997) Eucalypt genetics and genecology. In Eucalypt Ecology. Eds: J.E. Williams and J.C.Z. Woinarsky. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Simmons, D. & Parsons, R. F. (1976) Analysis of a hybrid swarm involving Eucalyptus crenulata and E. ovata using leaf oils and morphology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 4: 97–101.
  • Albrecht, D.E. (1983) Land use case study-Eucalyptus crenulata, Yering. Report to Burnley Horticultural College, Victoria (unpubl.).
Other Links


Eucalyptus from cuttings, Life of an Eucalyptus clone in a forestry nursery in Brazil / Eucaliptos de esqueje, Vida de un Clon de Eucalipto en un vivero forestal de Brasil / Propagación Vegetativa de Eucalipto / Eucalyptus vegetative propagation / Mini Jardim Clonal de Eucalipto / Eucalyptus Clonal forestry orchard / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, España, Spain


EUCALYPTOLOGICS: GIT Forestry Consulting Eucalyptus Blog / Information Resources on Eucalyptus Cultivation Worldwide / Forestry Engineering, Eucalyptus Seed, Eucalyptus Plants, Eucalyptus Wood, Eucalyptus Honey, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Forests, Eucalyptus Plantations, Eucalyptus Timber, Eucalyptus Lumber, Eucalyptus Furniture, Eucalyptus Veneer, Eucalyptus Plywood, Eucalyptus MDF Board, Eucalyptus Cellulose, Eucalyptus Paper, Eucalyptus Biomass, Eucalyptus Energy, Eucalyptus Floristry, Eucalyptus Foliage, Eucalyptus Garden / Ingenieria Forestal, Semilla de eucalipto, Plantas de eucalipto, Madera de eucalipto, Miel de eucalipto, Aceite Esencial de eucalipto, Bosque de eucalipto, Plantacion de eucalipto, Muebles de eucalipto, Tablero de eucalipto, MDF de eucalipto, Celulosa de eucalipto, Papel de eucalipto, Biomasa de eucalipto, Energia de eucalipto, Ramillo Verde Ornamental de Eucalipto, Jardin de EucaliptoGIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2008 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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Cold Hardy Pink Flowering Eucalyptus

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Cold Hardy Pink Flowering Eucalyptus
Asessing cold tolerance of
E. leucoxylon 'Rosea'

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado Contact GIT Forestry Consulting
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS

One of the ornamental features of Eucalyptus has to do with their flowers. Shape, size, colour. Typical common species overseas usually have white stamens, and can be attractive both when individual flowers are of a big size, or when small sized flowers are well arranged in attractive clusters. But there are other possibilities.


Cold hardiness in Eucalyptus leucoxylon Rosea / Cold hardy Pink flower Eucalyptus in bloom / Resistencia al frio de Eucalipto leucoxylon / Eucalipto de flor roja en floracion / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España / EUCALYPTOLOGICSFig. 1: Pink flowered Eucalyptus leucoxylon 'Rosea' in bloom in the UK.
(Photo courtesy Matt Smith)


Red or pink flowers are not too common, but some Eucalyptus do have them. A classical example is Corymbia ficifolia, the Red-Flowering Gum. A striking small tree which flowers profusely. But for those trying to add them to garden designs in cool temperate climates of a maritime type, there are other options with a lightly higher tolerance to cold.


Among these, some of the subspecies of Eucalyptus leucoxylon, which as in the pictured example, can be successfully cultivated and subsequently bloom at high latitudes as those of the United Kingdom or Ireland.

At the suggestion of some keen gardeners Growing On The Edge, we prepared an indicative "cultivation map" for this species in the British Isles.

Cold hardiness in Eucalyptus leucoxylon Rosea / Cold hardy Pink flower Eucalyptus in bloom / Resistencia al frio de Eucalipto leucoxylon / Eucalipto de flor roja en floracion / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España / EUCALYPTOLOGICSFig 3: Suitability of E. leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon for outdoor cultivation in the British Islands.
(Click image to enlarge)


Inevitably, this map is not a detailed one and is based on just one of the main parameters with importance for plant acclimation, which is extreme minimum temperatures reached for a certain area along a period of time. If we start removing from the coloured areas all the unsuitable microclimates (too windy, too salty, too exposed, too boggy, too chilly even if just once per winter, too shady, etc) the suitable real area for cultivation would reduce considerably. Still, it can be an indication for those willing to add red coloured blooming eucalypts to their gardens.

In this case some caution is yet needed: despite its cold hardiness is higher than for the Western Australian Corymbia ficifolia, a rare Mediterranean eucalypt species, it is not infinite.

Cold hardiness in Eucalyptus leucoxylon Rosea / Cold hardy Pink flower Eucalyptus in bloom / Resistencia al frio de Eucalipto leucoxylon / Eucalipto de flor roja en floracion / GIT Forestry Consulting, Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Lugo, Galicia, Spain, España / EUCALYPTOLOGICSFig. 3: Tolerance to frost in an E. leucoxylon 'Rosea' ornamental trial in the tablelands of Galicia, Northwestern Spain. (Click image to enlarge).

Our own trials with this type of eucalypt in the tablelands of Galicia (Atlantic maritime climate with a tendence to harsh frost events), where oceanic influence fades, do suggest that Eucalyptus leucoxylon 'Rosea' reaches its cold hardiness limits around -7ºC. This would be roughly equivalent to suitability for safe cultivation in the mildest part of Atl1 Zone, or in USDA Zone 9a and less harsh areas. Our results in the Iberian Peninsula do corroborate earlier trials done by Dr. David Robinson at Earlscliffe Gardens near Dublin, the Northernmost known latitude at which this and several other rare species have bloomed.

If you get to know of any case of successful horticultural use of this pink flowering Eucalyptus at higher latitudes than Dublin, please do not hesitate contacting us!

Contact GIT Forestry Consulting / Contact Eucalyptologics / Contacto GIT Forestry Consulting / Contacto Eucalyptologics / Lugo, Galicia, Spain, EspañaContact GIT Forestry Consulting - Eucalyptologics

We already found the Northernmost Flowering Eucalyptus, and now it is time for the Northernmost Red Flowering one!. And for the matter, you are also welecome to contact us if you see and photograph them growing and blooming elsewhere. The most specimens tracked down, the better future recommendations for growers worldwide!

EUCALYPTOLOGICS: GIT Forestry Consulting Eucalyptus Blog / Information Resources on Eucalyptus Cultivation Worldwide / Forestry Engineering, Eucalyptus Seed, Eucalyptus Plants, Eucalyptus Wood, Eucalyptus Honey, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Forests, Eucalyptus Plantations, Eucalyptus Timber, Eucalyptus Lumber, Eucalyptus Furniture, Eucalyptus Veneer, Eucalyptus Plywood, Eucalyptus MDF Board, Eucalyptus Cellulose, Eucalyptus Paper, Eucalyptus Biomass, Eucalyptus Energy, Eucalyptus Floristry, Eucalyptus Foliage, Eucalyptus Garden / Ingenieria Forestal, Semilla de eucalipto, Plantas de eucalipto, Madera de eucalipto, Miel de eucalipto, Aceite Esencial de eucalipto, Bosque de eucalipto, Plantacion de eucalipto, Muebles de eucalipto, Tablero de eucalipto, MDF de eucalipto, Celulosa de eucalipto, Papel de eucalipto, Biomasa de eucalipto, Energia de eucalipto, Ramillo Verde Ornamental de Eucalipto, Jardin de EucaliptoGIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2008 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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PinusLetter nº 2 - by Ester Foelkel

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by Ester Foelkel


Summary of Contents

  • Taxonomia do Gênero Pinus / Taxonomy of Genus Pinus
  • Referências Técnicas da Literatura Virtual / Technical References in Online Literature
  • Cursos e Eventos / Courses & Events
  • Pinus-Links
  • Fabricação e Produção de Celulose Kraft de Pinus / Manufacture and production of Pinus based Kraft Cellulose
  • Fototeca (Galeria de Fotos) do Pinus / Pinus Photo Gallery
  • Mini-Artigo Técnico por Ester Foelkel: As Micorrizas e o Pinus / Technical Mini-Article by Ester Foelkel: Pinus and Mycorrhizae

Previous Issues




PinusLetter is a new creation of Celsius Degree, a vision for the development of cultivated forests and their products based on the concepts of technology, eco-efficiency, economy and social and environmental sustainability. The main stars of this newsletter will be tree species within genus Pinus. This free online publication will be first launched in Portuguese only but will include references to articles, websites and Pinus-Links at a global level. Hence, you will be redirected to visit sites in English, Spanish, French, in addition to Portuguese.


Grau Celsius - Celsius Degree - Celso Foelkel Eucalyptus Wisdom

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Environmentalists endorse higher CO2 emissions as alternative to pulp mill

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SPECIAL REPORT: Environmentalists endorse higher CO2 emissions as alternative to pulp mill



EUCALYPTOLOGICS has again received an interesting document on Sustainable Forestry Management topics in relation to Eucalyptus timber crops in Spain along with a second suggestion for it to be first published online through us.

We like to remain neutral observers and try to keep as away as possible from falling into polemics. But as firm believers in freedom of speech, we are not going to apply censorship to these opinions even if we do not fully endorse them. Not when they are once again loaded of this fine irony!

For those wondering, it is some sort of reply to a recent article entitled La factoría de celulosa en el aire, which could translate as "Pulp mill in the air", published by the online journal LAVOZDEGALICIA.ES some days ago.



The document was submitted to us in Spanish language only and the author has not provided us with permission to translate it into a suitable English version. It is entitled "Ecologistas proponen más emisiones de CO2 como alternativa a fábrica de celulosa", which could translate as "Environmentalists endorse higher CO2 as alternative to pulp . We add it below here now in full length.




Ecologistas proponen más emisiones de CO2 como alternativa a fábrica de celulosa

Por Xusto de Andrade


Volvíamos a casa de podar unas viñas do país*, cuando me informa un pajarito sobre este artículo [1] publicado tras una reunión entre políticos, ecologistas y sindicatos invitados por Radio Voz [2].

Como de costumbre con este tema, las distintas posibilidades se desvanecen en el aire con el paso del tiempo. Pero en la tertulia-café de hace un par de días con unos amigos biólogos y otros ecólogos, que no ecologistas, una de las posibilidades sugeridas en la radiofónica reunión se desvaneció bastante jocosamente. A raíz de lo cual alguien sugirió bautizar a los tertulianos de aquel día como Asociación Para la Difusión de la Risa.

Deja en el aire Antón Masa, portavoz de APDR [3], que el cierre de la planta celulósica de ENCE en Lourizán no conllevaría pérdida económica, porque las alternativas pueden crear 10000 puestos de trabajo entre turismo y explotación maderera. Y que no ve razones para no vender directamente la madera de los eucaliptales de Pontevedra a la pastera de ENCE en el occidente asturiano.

Esa sugerencia requiere una buena perspectiva de la situación de fondo. Permite a cualquiera opinar con mayor conocimiento de causa. Así que allá vamos, en cinco tijeretazos. A ver si vemos mejor después.

  • *Vitis vinifera cv. “Riesling”, también conocida como “Albariño”, variedad exótica de origen germano de una especie vegetal trepadora no autóctona que ha ido ocupando gradualmente el nicho ecológico de otras nativas de los bosques atlánticos y mediterráneos europeos tras su introducción por el hombre en la Península Ibérica desde Oriente Medio hace unos milenios.


¿Ha ido a por leña alguna vez, Doc?

Decía mi abuelo que nada como un buen chópito de aguardiente do país para quemar con gusto unas calorías procurando un poco de leña de roble para la lareira. Y que era bueno que mi tatarabuelo hubiese plantado esos árboles convenientemente cerca de la casa allá a principios del siglo XIX porque la leña de trasmocho pesa y ocupa suficiente como para tener sudando a uno durante todo el día cargando y empujando la carretilla.

Las veintipico mil hectáreas de eucaliptal maderable de la provincia de Pontevedra contienen leña suficiente como para llenar al menos 500000 carretillas al año manteniendo una gestión sostenible de este recurso renovable. Si un peón forestal se desplaza unos 50 kilómetros de media para dejarlas en Lourizán podría hacer aproximadamente 1 viaje por día si corre bastante, sobre todo si es chino. A 40 horas semanales y descontando las vacaciones y fiestas de guardar, con unos 2000 chinos puede usted crear una cadena de suministro y empleo preciosa.

Y a chópito diario por chino, crea usted una demanda extra de unos 15000 litros de aguardiente al año. Puede llamarle a esto externalidad positiva, a no ser que corten sumideros de carbono, también conocidos como árboles, para plantar viñas. Si, claro está, todavía hay una fábrica que procese madera de eucalipto en Lourizán para cuando logre ponerlo en marcha.

Porque si la madera la hay que poner en el occidente asturiano, a viaje de peón forestal con carretilla cada 5 días, puede usted crear puestos de trabajo para unos 10000 chinos. Y hacer que con su chópito diario, un 25% de la producción oficial de licor café Typical Galician se quede aquí en lugar de exportarse [4]. Eso si no se propasan con el licor de uva. Aunque dudo que el consumo alternativo sea interesante para los distribuidores si otras posibilidades de mercado ya asentadas generan un mayor valor añadido [5].

Menos mal que un alemán inventó el camión do país para el transporte de madera, porque no soy capaz de ver a 10000 jubilados pontevedreses carretilla va y carretilla viene entre chópito y chópito en lugar de estar en la taberna del pueblo practicando el deporte nacional.


Forestalmente, la supply chain importa

En el eco(no)sistema forestal los flujos de energía, al igual que en el ecosistema clásico, van desde la base a la cúspide de la cadena trófica.

Para el caso particular que nos atañe, la cúspide está en el papel con certificado ambiental que un consumidor paga en algún lugar de Europa para imprimir artículos como este que usted lee [6], y la base, entre otros muchos lugares, en alguna explotación forestal de medio ferrado de eucaliptal pontevedrés no certificado por FSC que pertenece a un pequeño inversor, posiblemente con buenas vistas a alguna ría y con potencial para levantar un chalé en suelo del dominio público marítimo y así fomentar el turismo de calidad en tierras de política urbanística eficiente [7]. Es eco(nomo)logía básica al alcance de cualquiera.

Una buena parte del consumo de energía en la cadena de suministro de madera a parque de fábrica se genera en el transporte de la materia prima. Afortunadamente para el pequeño inversor minifundista pontevedrés, la distancia es corta. Porque cada litro de combustible que bebe el camión del rematante se descuenta del valor de la madera en pie. Y, San Justo le proteja, al menos hay parque de madera porque hay fábrica.


Aumentar las emisiones de CO2, la alternativa ecologista

Retomando la “teoría de las carretillas”, esa sugerencia ecologista de vender directamente la madera de Pontevedra a la pastera de ENCE en Navia una vez logrado el cierre de la de Lourizán supone un consumo extra bastante considerable de licor de roca, también conocido como gasói do país. Y como bien sabe el lector, incrementar el consumo de este combustible fósil y no renovable causa un impacto ambiental bastante considerable.

Para la alternativa sugerida por el Dr. Masa [8] es un impacto ambiental negativo de orden equivalente al de unos cuantos miles de barriles de Brent al año, cuyo transporte desde las zonas de producción consume energía, cuyo refino en fábrica para producir licor diésel consume energía, y cuya distribución para dar de beber a los camiones do país consume energía. Eso al margen de la consumida después transportando la madera, proceso que también emite CO2.

Aún así, podría plantearse el caso de arriesgarnos a seguir las recomendaciones de esta organización ambientalista aunque conlleven crear un impacto ambiental negativo mayor al actual. No en vano y echando las cuentas de la lechera, para secuestrar el carbono extra emitido por tal alternativa solamente precisaríamos plantar unos cuantos miles de hectáreas adicionales de árboles capaces de fijar mucho carbono con rapidez en ciclos cortos de captura de CO2.

Y eso sí, al menos por estas latitudes tenemos árboles de crecimiento rápido y rentables en régimen cultivo intensivo capaces de fijar ese carbono en pocas hectáreas [9]. Y, además, con certificado de gestión forestal sostenible [10]. El gallego medio les llama ocalitos do país.


La “no” pérdida económica… para los más pequeños

Hemos resuelto el problema de las emisiones de carbono generadas por la sugerencia ambientalista plantando más sumideros de carbono. Pero… ¿qué pasa con el impacto económico de ese consumo extra de licor diesel en la cadena monte-industria?

Pues pasa que en un mercado de combustibles de origen fósil con tendencia al alza constante de precios, por muy eficiente que sea el consumo del camión, con tal kilometraje extra se genera un coste operativo bastante importante. Coste que, siguiendo las leyes de la cadena del eco(no)sistema, tiende a repercutir sucesivamente y hacia abajo en la pirámide trófica. Por tanto, llega hasta la base, que no es otra en este caso que los árboles en pie propiedad de unos cuantos miles de pequeños inversores distribuidos a lo largo de los municipios costeros pontevedreses. Podría decirse que de modo supra-municipal.

Mayor distancia, mayor coste de transporte, menor valor de la materia prima en pie. Tal es la ley del mercado. Así que como bien vemos, no hay pérdida económica por el hipotético cierre de la planta celulósica de ENCE en Lourizán. Excepto para unas decenas de miles de pontevedreses con inversiones en cultivos arbóreos que verían reducido o anulado su margen de beneficio. Y para unos cuantos miles de pontevedreses que dependen directa o indirectamente de los subsectores auxiliares de explotación forestal y de logística, al ver reducida su carga de trabajo. Sin olvidar a las familias de estos y de los anteriores, que verían reducido su poder adquisitivo.

Le propongo a Antón Masa que les convoque a todos ellos en una reunión de APDR para informarles personalmente del impacto económico negativo de su sugerencia ambientalista y que escuche la cantidad de risas que esta gente que sabe muy bien que “co de comer non se joga” probablemente le brindarán con gratitud.

De paso que convoque a políticos y sindicalistas locales para informarles del impacto social negativo de su alternativa (eco) logística y sus potenciales repercusiones electorales. Estoy seguro que después de eso alguno se une a la tertulia de la Asociación Para la Difusión de la Risa.

Y finalmente que se plantee porqué el movimiento ambientalista al que representa es considerado por algunos como un interlocutor no válido para la negociación forestal racional [11]. A este paso, y visto lo visto, cada día somos más.


¿Y si usamos agua en lugar de aguardiente?

Para no pecar de ser demasiado parciales no caeremos en el error de solamente hacer énfasis en los impactos negativos ambientales, económicos y sociales de la alternativa del Presidente de APDR sin proponer además posibles medidas correctoras. Es decir, a diferencia del discurso activista irracional de quejarse sin proponer soluciones obtenidas aplicando el sentido común en lugar de la pataleta, propondremos tres alternativas logísticas a la discutida hoy. Por si acaso Doc necesita usarlas en algún discurso futuro.

Les adelantamos hoy una de ellas. Una campaña ambientalista de APDR para lograr que la totalidad de la flota de transporte de madera por carretera en España emplee biodiésel como combustible. No en vano, se puede producir etanol con celulosa [12], un azúcar vegetal como otro cualquiera .Y seguro que también se puede certificar como combustible ecológico.

Xosé Xusto Andrade es silvicultor y economistólogo.

Trabaja medio ferrado de monte en la España Verde, sabe leer, escribir, y mover leña

Enlaces

[1] Velázquez, Jaime. La factoría de celulosa en el aire. lavozdegalicia.es 25-01-2008

[2] Radio Voz. Corporación Voz de Galicia S.A.

[3] Asociación Para la Defensa de la Ría de Pontevedra.

[4] EFE.com. La mayor empresa licorera mundial entra en el sector del alcohol chino. Eleconomista.es. 13-12-2006

[5] Rivera, Jacinta. El típico licor de Galicia triunfa ya en China y Japón. elcorreogallego.es. 27-05-2007

[6] Holmberg, Sten. Certification: No one wants a monopoly. risiinfo.com. 21-01-2008

[7] Velázquez, J. El Concello emitió el informe de Elnosa sabiendo que era erróneo. lavozdegalicia.es. 24-07-2007

[8] Velázquez, J. Íbid.

[9] Dunn, Collin. Survey of Carbon Offset Services. Treehugger.com. 21-03-2006

[10] APIE. Otorgada la primera certificación PEFC en España. apie.es. 02-07-2002

[11] Andrade, X.X. El engaño ambiental de retirar un sello verde a los eucaliptos. soitu.es 17-01-2008

[12] Michigan State University. With cellulosic ethanol, there is no food vs. fuel debate. sciencedaily.com. 27-01-2007



Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in the transcription above are not necessarily those of EUCALYPTOLOGICS and we decline any responsibility on their potential effects for third parties.

EUCALYPTOLOGICS: GIT Forestry Consulting Eucalyptus Blog / Information Resources on Eucalyptus Cultivation Worldwide / Forestry Engineering, Eucalyptus Seed, Eucalyptus Plants, Eucalyptus Wood, Eucalyptus Honey, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Forests, Eucalyptus Plantations, Eucalyptus Timber, Eucalyptus Lumber, Eucalyptus Furniture, Eucalyptus Veneer, Eucalyptus Plywood, Eucalyptus MDF Board, Eucalyptus Cellulose, Eucalyptus Paper, Eucalyptus Biomass, Eucalyptus Energy, Eucalyptus Floristry, Eucalyptus Foliage, Eucalyptus Garden / Ingenieria Forestal, Semilla de eucalipto, Plantas de eucalipto, Madera de eucalipto, Miel de eucalipto, Aceite Esencial de eucalipto, Bosque de eucalipto, Plantacion de eucalipto, Muebles de eucalipto, Tablero de eucalipto, MDF de eucalipto, Celulosa de eucalipto, Papel de eucalipto, Biomasa de eucalipto, Energia de eucalipto, Ramillo Verde Ornamental de Eucalipto, Jardin de EucaliptoGIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2008 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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GIT's Eucalyptology Topics
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