Cold hardy Eucalyptus forestry in Galicia (II): when snow comes...

Eucalyptus and Snow: Winter views of eucalypt timber plantations in Northwestern Spain

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS

Some of the following cold hardy Eucalyptus timber plantations have resisted brief events of -10ºC as absolute minimum temperature, -8ºC as average of extreme minima, 45 to 85 frost events per year, 9 events of winds +95 km/h and several snow storms. Climatic history shows extreme maximum periods of frost risk spanning for 205 days/year (from late October to mid April), but there is a significative variation every year for each location both for severity of winter events and degrees of damage and recovery.

Fig. 1: Winter view of a 10 year old frost tolerant Eucalyptus cultivated forest at 800 m above sea level in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). (Click image to enlarge)

Fig. 2: Winter view of a 7 year old frost tolerant Eucalyptus timber plantation at 750 m above sea level in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). (Click image to enlarge)

Fig. 3: Winter view of 3 year old frost tolerant Eucalyptus saplings at 700 m above sea level in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). (Click image to enlarge)

Fig. 4: Winter view of a 5 year old frost tolerant Eucalyptus timber plantation at 600 m above sea level in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). (Click image to enlarge)

Some key factors for a successful cultivation of cold hardy Eucalyptus for timber production

• Careful choice of Eucalyptus species suitable for winter conditions in the area of introduction and suitable for target industrial lines. Results from well designed comparative species survival and growth trials for the area of introduction are good indicators.
• Careful choice of seed provenances within the most desirable Eucalyptus species. Results from well designed provenance trials able to quantify best growth and cold tolerance for the area of introduction are good indicators.
• Use of genetically improved Eucalyptus plant stock if available, as it normally yields better growth rates and improved physical or chemical timber properties.
  
• Good matching of species to site, preferring sheltered from sustained chilly winds and and as sunny as possible areas with Southern exposure, better over soils of moderate depth and fertility.
• Proper site prepation to encourage as fast establishment of the tender Eucalyptus seedlings as possible. Well developed root systems on deep laboured soil tend to stand better temporary freezing of the most superficial soil layers.
  
• Proper planting schedule to allow quick growth during the first year. A good height growth over the coldest layer of air near soil tends to increase survival rates to radiational frost.
  
• Proper understorey control during the first years to minimise competence and allow as quick formation of less fragile woody tissue as possible. Even the most resistant plant material is at risk of damage due to impredictable extreme climatic events. However survival and recovery from damage are better once eucalypts reach a certain size.
  
• Regular monitoring of weather events and symptoms of cold induced damage (leaf injuries, dessication, bark cracking, newest growth burns, form defects, etc).
  

Interesting links

Cold hardy Eucalyptus timber production in Galicia (I)

Eucalyptus Highland Forests in Northwestern Spain and Portugal (II)

Eucalyptus globulus. Blue Gum Eucalypt Coastal Forests in Northwestern Iberia

Eucalyptus nitens. Shining Gum Eucalypt Highland Forests in Northwestern Iberia

Eucalyptus macarthurii. Camden Woollybutt Highland Forests in Northwestern Iberia

Eucalyptus delegatensis. Tasmanian Oak Highland Forests in Northwestern Iberia

Eucalyptus dalrympleana. Mountain White Gum Highland Forests in Northwestern Iberia

(more to come, we are hunting them all!)


Have you seen the Giant Eucalyptus Movie?

GIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2007 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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Eucalyptus acknowledgements go to...

WHO READS GIT's EUCALYPTOLOGICS?

(click to enlarge)

GRATIAM HABEO, THANK YOU, DOMO ARIGATO, GRACIAS, DANKE, TAKK, DÊKUJI, TAK, MERCI, TACK, DANK U, GRAZIE, GRAZAS, GRACIES, KHAWP KHUN, OBRIGADO, KIITOS, DANKIE, TASHAKKUR, EFCHARISTO, SIKOMO, ISTUTI ...

For stopping by and reading our EUCALYPTOLOGICS sometime during 2007 to the following organisations:

A

AgroBioTech Park Ltd (BUL); Alpharma Inc (USA); Australian National University (AUS); Azabu University (JAP);

B

Banco Espanyol de Credito (SPA); Bankinter (SPA); Basf IT Services Gmbh (GER); Bauunternehmen Ing. Otto Ettinger (AT); Bayer Ag (GER); Beckman Coulter Inc (USA); Bergen University (NOR); Birmingham City Council (UK); Broome-Tioga Board of Cooperative Educational Services (USA); Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz (GER); Bundesanstalt fuer Zuechtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen (GER); Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr Innovation und Technologie (GER);

C

California Polytechnic State University (USA); Centro de Innovación y Servicios Tecnológicos de la Madera de Galicia (SPA); Charles Darwin University (AUS); City of El Paso (USA); City of Orlando (USA); City of Seattle (USA); City of Westminster (CAN); City of Westminster Council (UK); Comision Nacional del Agua (MEX); Commission Europeenne (BEL); Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (USA); County of Riverside (USA); Cranfield Institute of Technology (UK); Czech Technical University (CZE);

D

Danish Network for Research and Education (DEN); de Groene Prins (NL); Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland (UK); Department of Veterans Affairs (USA); Derby City Council (UK); Deutsche Flugsicherung Gmbh (GER); Deutsche Steinzeug Cremer & Breuer (GER); Deutsche Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (GER); Deutscher Wetterdienst (GER); Dickinson College (USA); Drei Banken Gmbh (GER); Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council (UK); Duke Power Company (USA);

E

East Carolina University (USA); Ecole Polytechnique (FRA); Edinburgh University (UK); Ence Group (SPA); Ergon Energy (AUS); Essex Corporation (USA);

F

Fondation RESTENA (LUX); Fairfax County (USA); Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh (GER); Forsyth County (USA);

G

General Mills (USA); Generalitat Valenciana (SPA); Georgetown University (USA); Goteborgs Universitet (SWE);

H

Heighley Gate Garden Centre (UK); Hewlett-Packard Company (USA); Hitachi Ltd. (JAP); Hogeschool Enschede (NL); Horsham District Council (UK); Horticulture and Food Research Institute Ltd (NZ); Houston Associates (USA);

I

IBM (USA); ING North America Insurance Corporation (USA); Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (FRA); Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (FRA); Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria de Argentina, Concordia (ARG); Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria del Uruguay (UR); Instituto Tecnico Agrario Statual Carlo Gallina (IT); Intel Corporation (USA); Islamic Azad University of Lahijan (IR);

J

Junta de Castilla y Leon (SPA); Junta de Extremadura (SPA);

K

Kings School (UK); KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (NL); Kockums-ThyessenKrupp (SWE); Kungälv Energi Ab (SWE);

L

Lakehead University (CAN); Landratsamt Dachau (GER); Leicestershire County Council (UK); Loma Linda University (USA); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK); Louisiana State University (USA); Luxembourg Government (LUX);

M

Mahidol University (THA); Mairie de Toulon (FRA); Ministere de L’Agriculture (FRA); Mckinsey & Company Inc. (USA); Mead Corporation (USA); Medical University of South Carolina (USA); Medway Council (UK); Meteo-France (FRA); Michigan State Government (USA); Microsoft Corporation (USA); Mississippi Department of Information Technology (USA);

N

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA); National Park Service (USA); National Weather Service (USA); Navtrak Inc (USA); New Jersey Department of Transportation (USA); Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NOR); North Carolina State University (USA); Northern Ireland Civil Service (UK); New South Wales Department of Water Resources (AUS); Northrop Grumman Corporation (USA);

O

Office National des Forets (FRA); Oglethorpe Power Corporation (USA); Oregon Health & Science University (USA); Oxford University (USA);

P

Pacific Academy (CAN); Padre Dam Municipal Water District (USA); Papelera Nacional SA (PER); Patella Manufacturing Inc (CAN); Pennsylvania School for the Deaf (USA); Petrominerales Colombia Ltd (USA); Porter & Korvick P.a. (USA); Primabio (UK);

R

Radford City (USA); Raiffeisen Zentralbank (AT); Red de Supercomputacion de Galicia (SPA); Renault (FRA); Robert Bosch LLC - Bosch Corporation (USA); Rodbaston College (UK); Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (UK); Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney (AUS); Rushmoor Borough Council (UK);

S

Scottish Enviroment Protection Agency (UK); Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (ARG); Schweizerische Bundesbahnen SBB (CH); Sharp Electronics Europe Gmbh (GER); Siemens Ag (GER); Smithsonian Institution (USA); Sniace (SPA); Southern California Gas Company (USA); Sri Lanka Education And Research Network (SRI); St Petersburg Times (USA); Stadt Dortmund (GER); Stadt Muenster (GER); Staffordshire County Council (UK); State of Alaska (USA); State of Arkansas (USA); State of Georgia (USA); State of Ohio (USA); Sunlife Assurance Company of Canada (CAN); Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SWE);

T

Technical University Zvolen (SVK); Technische Universitaet Dresden (GER); Technological Educational Institute of Kavala (GRE); The Boeing Company (USA); The McCrone Group (USA); The Municipality of Oslo (NOR); The National Land Survey of Sweden (SWE); The Pentagon (USA); The Sommerville Group (USA); The University of Melbourne (AUS); The Weather Channel (USA);

U

United Technologies Corporation (USA); U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (USA); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USA); U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USA); Universidad Austral de Chile (CHI); Universidad Autonoma Chapingo (MEX); Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (MEX); Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa (MEX); Universidad Cardenal Herrera (SPA); Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (SPA); Universidad de A Coruña (SPA); Universidad de Castilla La Mancha (SPA); Universidad de Chile (CHI); Universidad de Concepcion (CHI); Universidad de Extremadura (SPA); Universidad de Leon (SPA); Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (SPA); Universidad de Vigo (SPA); Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires (ARG); Universidad Nacional del Sur (ARG); Universidade de Sao Paulo (BRA); Universitaet des Saarlandes Saarbruecken (GER); Universitaet fuer Bodenkultur, Vienna (AT); Universitaet Kiel (GER); Universitaet Osnabrueck (GER); Universitaet Stuttgart (GER); Universitat de Barcelona (SPA); Universite de Fribourg (CH); Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (MLY); University College London (UK); University of Aberdeen (UK); University of Berne (CH); University of California (USA); University of California Santa Cruz (USA); University of Delaware (USA); University of Helsinki (FIN); University of Kwazulu-Natal (RSA); University of Malawi, Zomba (MW); University of Massachusetts (USA); University of Nevada Reno (USA); University of Northern British Columbia (CAN); University of San Francisco (USA); University of Tasmania (AUS); University of Texas (USA); University of Toronto (CAN); University of Wales, Aberystwyth (UK); University of West Florida (USA); University of Wolverhampton (UK); University of Zurich (CH); Union College (USA); Uppsala Universitet (SWE);

V

Virginia Commonwealth University (USA);

W

Warwick District Council (USA); Washington County Oregon (USA); West Moreton Anglican College (AUS); Wells Fargo Bank (USA);

X

Xunta de Galicia (SPA);

Y

York University (UK);

Z

Zahnradfabrik Passau GMBH (GER)...

And last, but not least, thanks also to all those many other individual readers worldwide who have shared the eucalyptic spirit. You know who you are.

EUCALYPTOLOGICS: 2008 Readership (ongoing)

Net Increase in Readership for GIT Forestry Consulting's EUCALYPTOLOGICS during early 2008. Majority of our readers are located in Europe & North America. (Statistics courtesy of Google Analytics)

Quality matters, but what about quantity?

Alexa Ranking for EUCALYPTOLOGICS, February 2008

We are very pleased with the significant increase in our high profile readership. All in all, EUCALYPTOLOGICS is a highly specialised information resource targeted to a niche audience even if we try to deliver a mix of technical and non technical information to make it less harsh. We rather quality than quantity. But... According to Alexa, the Web Information Company, EUCALYPTOLOGICS has experienced a +650% traffic increase in the last 3 months and is steadily climbing its traffic rank. According to NetCraft estimates, there are currently some 160 million websites in the World Wide Web, of which roughly 70 million are active websites. Crossing both data sets, it can be roughly estimated that GIT Forestry Consulting's Eucalyptus Blog EUCALYPTOLOGICS is currently in the top 5% of the World Wide Web. Three months ago we were in the top 15%. It is a nice progress! (and even more considering we had never started a weblog before!) These results are very pleasing, but must be taken humbly. We are a very small grain of sand compared to the giant rolling stones of the Internet beach. And a niche information resource. Our aim must always be quality.

GIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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Eucalyptus as dieback perennials: taking advantage of plant resurrection

Pictured below, three examples of Eucalyptus growing as ornamental plants in gardens where restrictive winter events lead to aerial part loss and natural regeneration from coppice favours annual regrowth.

Fig 1: Yearly growth from coppice in Eucalyptus 'Silver Dollar', borderline cold hardy Eucalyptus for USDA Zone 8b (Click image to enlarge)

As we have seen previously in EUCALYPTOLOGICS, many Eucalyptus species have naturally developed an ability to survive events that destroy their aerial part. In their natural habitat fire has been the main factor that lead to some species becoming vigorous coppicers thanks to a progressive culling out of non fit strains.

Fig 2: Yearly growth from coppice in Eucalyptus 'Omeo Gum', borderline cold hardy Eucalyptus for USDA Zone 7b (Image courtesy of Triple Oaks Nursery & Herb Garden, NJ)

Human driven introduction of Australian Eucalyptus as garden elements to areas where winters are more restrictive than in their natural habitats can lead to different results. When the chosen species is cold hardy enough for its new habitat, it tends to grow freely and attain its normal size and growth habit. When it is too tender for its new habitat, total loss can be the result after a bad winter. But when it is a borderline species, and a good coppicer, it can behave like an annual perennial, shooting every spring and growing to a limited size before next frost events wipe it out again. Another example of eucalypt resurrection, where frosts play the role of fire, just with a higher frequency.

Fig 3: Yearly growth from coppice in Eucalyptus "Camphor Gum", borderline cold hardy Eucalyptus for USDA Zone 7b (Image courtesy of Triple Oaks Nursery & Herb Garden, NJ)

Some advantages of cold hardy ornamental Eucalyptus as annual perennials

• Natural size control mechanism for species that could become excessively big sized if cultivated small gardens
• Display of juvenile foliage every year, excellent option for those species having in it its major ornamental features
• Additional size control via pollarding or pruning is possible after milder than usual winters
• Makes growing some of the cold hardiest species of Eucalyptus possible in very restrictive climates (USDA Zones 7b and 6a in some cases)
  

Some disadvantages of cold hardy ornamental Eucalyptus as annual perennials

• Nutrient cycle disrupted for the yearly loss of aerial parts, being fertilising a good corrective measure in the long term
• Possibility of decline in coppice vigour in the long term
• Fragility of new shoots in case of late sudden and heavy frost events
• Little chances of flowering and seed set
• Coppice ability is not unlimited, so sooner or later plant replacement might be necessary even with the best care
  

Some advice to promote good coppice in cold hardy ornamental Eucalyptus

• Choose Eucalyptus species that are reasonably cold hardy for your conditions
• Choose Eucalyptus species that are reliable coppicers
• Add a thick layer of protective mulching during the worst of winter to avoid ice induced injuries to the base of the trunk or to the lignotuber
• Pay attention to good weeding so the basal area of the eucalypt is well exposed to light to aid quick growth in new shoots from coppice once frost season is over
• Try to remove the dead aerial part (dead wood) during late winter or better once frost season is over to encourage regrowth from lignotuber instead of regrowth from the naked buds located in branchlet axils
• Keep an schedule for organic or mineral soil fertilization to avoid nutrient depletion or to replenish easily assimilable soil nutrient pools in the long term
• Keep good irrigation during dry spring spells and/or summer drought in arid areas to encourage bigger annual sizes
  

GIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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Eucalyptus timber: colour changes too!

Making charcoal with Eucalyptus "Mahogany"? Shit happens.

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS

Seasonal colour changes can appear in the foliage of some ornamental Eucalyptus, as we have seen. But these variable trees also show some colour changes when we consider one of the principal products they are cultivated for: Eucalyptus timber.

Four cold temperate Eucalyptus timbers in Galicia
(click to enlarge)

However, in this case of Eucalyptus wood, colour variation is not seasonal. Or it should not be! But it can be seen when logs are seasoning. A wide variety colours is possible if we travel Australia up and down jumping from log to log of different Eucalyptus species, finding a range from white or very pale timbers to dark rich coloured ones.

Overseas, where the total number of cultivated eucalypt species in each area of the world is more limited, and where the number of those becoming sizeable timber resources is more limited even, chances to observe different colours depend on the main industrial lines processing such timbers. The desired physical and chemical properties in timber can be quite variable depending on the final use. Pale timbers with an attractive cellulose/lignin ratio and needing as little bleaching as possible are preferred by cellulosic and paper processors. Then, as it normally happens, species with high growth rates for a given climate, able to be managed in as short rotations as possible, tend to be the most common type of eucalypt timber wherever such industries develop. Still, many of these species, if cultivated properly (suitable genetic background + clearwood management regimes) can yield high quality products for alternative industrial lines that make eucalyptus wood visible as woodcraft art.

Hand Made Ecuador Art: Wood Sculpture

However, some other Eucalyptus timbers can have industrial attractive precisely because of those timber properties that make them less preferred for cellulose manufacture: very heavy timbers, interesting grains, suboptimal cellulose/lignine ratios, and tannin rich coloured heartwoods. A broad range of them are, again, available in Australian native forests and more recent specialty plantations. But some, also overseas.

One of these several high quality timbers is generically known as Red Gum. One of the more widely known species able to yield this type of timber is Eucalyptus camaldulensis (ex E. rostrata), the River Red Gum or "Red Eucalypt" (Eucalipto Rojo). And of course, its common name makes sense once you see a piece of timber.

Example of red coloured timber in an Eucalyptus camaldulensis log piece
(click to enlarge)

Curiously, this was one of the earliest eucalypts cultivated outside of Australia (as early as the early 1800's) and is today one of the commonest in almost any arid or semi-arid climate around the world with a Mediterranean tendence and frequent droughts, be it in Europe, California, South America, Africa or Asia.

Much of the final use for this plantation timber cannot match well the highest preferences of cellulosic industries if other eucalypt timbers are easily available, and the most obvious alternative industrial uses have then to do with sustainable supplies of firewood or charcoal, or, in these days of climatic change frenziness, environmentally friendly biomass for "green fuel".

However, one wonders, if there are or there are not enough red river gums within the half a million hectares (!!) of plantations in Spain, Morocco and Italy able to supply logs of dimension and stability enough as to yield other products.

Glen Gray Furniture: 4th Generation of Australian Master Woodcraft with Eucalyptus camaldulensis

All in all, isn't high quality handcrafted furniture with "Eucalyptus Mahogany" much more appealing for a log than ending up as charcoal?

GIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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Citizen Labillardiere's Heritage: Recherche Bay and the discovery of Eucalyptus globulus

The Footprints of Citizen Labillardière

Chronology of the discovery of Eucalyptus globulus

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado
GIT Forestry Consulting - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS

21 September 1791 - Brest, France

Commanded by Antoine Raymond Joseph de Bruni D'Entrecasteaux and Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec, two converted merchant vessels, La Recherche (Research) and L'Espérance (Hope) set sail from the coast of Brittany en route to the Southern Seas to look for Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse, who had vanished with the Astrolabe and the Boussole after exploring Botany Bay three years earlier.

Onboard, among the team of savant naturalistes, a botanist that would play a significant role for Eucalyptology: Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière.

22 April 1792 - Recherche Bay, Van Diemen's Land

"With every step, one encounters the beauties of unspoilt nature … trees reaching a very great height and proportionate diameter … are devoid of branches along the trunk, but crowned with an everlasting green foliage. Some of these trees seem as ancient as the world"

Bruni d’Entrecasteaux

"The eye is astonished in contemplating the prodigious size of these trees … whose tufted summits were crowned with an ever verdant foliage: others, loosened by age from their roots, were supported by neighbouring trees, whilst, as they gradually decayed, they were incorporated … with the parent-earth … a striking picture of the operations of nature, who, left to herself, never destroys but that she may again create. (...) We were filled with admiration at the sight of these ancient forests, in which the sound of the axe had never been heard."

Jacques-Julien de Labillardière

6 May 1792- Recherche Bay, Van Diemen's Land

"To judge from Labillardière’s own account, 6 May 1792 was a day of considerable satisfaction, for this was his most noteworthy discovery, when he had a Tasmanian Blue Gum felled to collect flowers (...) Its great height proved a source of wonderment, but satisfaction also, for its tall straight trunk appeared to hold potential for ship building. To his delight, the carpenters found blue gum timbers the most suitable for providing planks to raise the gunwales on the oared boats. Labillardière could hardly have anticipated the great commercial advantages of his discovery: that it was introduced rapidly around the world as a cultivar, becoming the species by which the genus Eucalyptus became internationally known; that by 1905 four million feet of its timber would be supplied to the British Admiralty for wharf piles; that today more than 1.3 million hectares of E. globulus are planted outside Australia and 0.4 million hectares of plantation within Australia; or that Tasmania would adopt it as its State floral emblem."

John Mulvaney

1800 - Paris, France

Voyage in search of La Pérouse, Performed by order of the Constituent Assembly, During the Years 1791, 1792, 1793 and 1794 is published, and Eucalyptus globulus, plus E. cornuta officially described to enter the world of botanical discoveries.

8 February 2006 - Recherche Bay, Tasmania

RechercheBay.org

Recherche Bay is declared National Heritage Site and will be managed by Tasmanian Land Conservancy to preserve the landscape witnessed and the footprints left by Citizen Labillardière. The sound of the axe will not be heard again.

Recommended Books

Duyker, E. ( 2003) Citizen Labillardière. A naturalist's life in revolution and exploration (1755-1834). Melbourne University Press. ISBN : 0-522-85160-6

Mulvaney, J. (2006). ‘The axe had never sounded’: place, people and heritage of Recherche Bay, Tasmania. Aboriginal History Monograph 14. Australian National University Press. ISBN: 9781921313202. ISBN: 9781921313219 (Online)

WE DO NOT HAVE ANY OF THESE REFERENCES IN OUR EUCALYPTIC LIBRARY. DONATIONS WOULD BE GRATEFULLY WELCOME (OF COURSE!)

(If you are to order it from somewhere, just order two copies and send me one to Spain!)

GIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2007 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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