Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 25 - by Celso Foelkel

Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 25 - January 2010 -

by Celso Foelkel

[Portuguese Version - English version]

Summary of Contents

• Editorial
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter Archives: a 2005 - 2009 Retrospective.
• The Friends of Eucalyptus - Prof. Dr. José Livio Gomide (UFV - Universidade Federal de Viçosa)
• Online Technical Literature - A Selection of Universidade Federal de Viçosa MSc & PhD Theses under the guidance & advice of Dr. José Livio Gomide
  
• Technical mini-article by Celso Foelkel: Pruning Eucalyptus Trees
  

Selected Contents of the First 25 Editions of the Eucalyptus Online Newsletter

Section - "The World of the Eucalyptus"

• Eucalyptus in Portugal
• Eucalyptus in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil
• Eucalyptus in South Africa
• Eucalyptus in Uruguay
• Eucalyptus in the States of Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil
• Eucalyptus in the State of Sao Paulo - Brazil

Section - "The Friends of the Eucalyptus"

• Dr. Herbert Sixta
• For. Eng. Teotonio Francisco de Assis
• Dr. Robert Paul Kibblewhite
• Dr. Laercio Couto
• Dra. Maria Cristina Area
• Dr. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo
• Dr. Jose Luiz Stape
• Mr. Gustavo Iglesias Trabado
• Prof. Jose Paz Pena
• Prof. Roberto Melo Sanhueza
• Prof. Paulo Renato Schneider
• Prof. Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini
• Dr. Dario Grattapaglia (just in Portuguese till now)
• Dr. Alberto Daniel Venica

Section "Online Technical References" - Editions associated to some specific issue

• Technical References about South Africa
• Technical References about Uruguay
• Ph.D. Theses, Master Dissertations and Monographs from Chilean Universities
• Technical References about Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil
• "O Papel" Magazine Cover Stories (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Historical Books about Eucalyptus written by Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, Armando Navarro Sampaio and Octavio Vecchi
• Some More Historical & Classic Books about the Eucalyptus

Section "Euca-Links" - Editions associated to some specific issue

• Euca-Links about South Africa
• Euca-Links about Uruguay
• Euca-Links about the State of Sao Paulo - Brazil

Section "References about Events and Courses" - Editions associated to some specific issue

• Events and Couses in South Africa
• Events and Couses in Uruguay
• Events and Couses in Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil

Section "Online Digital Magazines" - Editions associated to some specific issue

• Digital Magazines in South Africa
• Digital Magazines in Uruguay
• Digital Magazines in the State of Sao Paulo - Brazil

Section "A Meeting with the Forest Sector Innovation" - Editions associated to some specific issue

• ABTCP Articles (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Technological Roadmaps

Section "Eco-Efficiency and Sustainability Corner" - Editions associated to some specific issue

• ABTCP Articles (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Eco-Labelling and Forest Certification

Section "A Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Manufactured with Eucalyptus"

• A Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Manufactured with Eucalyptus Fibers
• Decor Papers

Texts, Tutorials and Relevant Selected Topics about the Eucalyptus

• Australian Plants - The genera Eucalyptus, Corymbia & Angophora
• Forest Certification
• Environmental Impact Assessment Studies of the New Market Pulp Mills (Botnia and ENCE) in Uruguay
• Eucalyptus in Asia
• Eucalyptus Diseases
• Graduate Course in Pulp and Paper Technology - UFV Federal University of Viçosa
• Graduate Course in Forest Engineering - Forest Products Technology - UFSM Federal University of Santa Maria
• Wood Anatomy - A Tutorial - Photo Gallery with Images & Wood Anatomy Sceneries
• Wood Anatomy: A Complement to our Previous Tutorial
• Insect Pests & Diseases of Eucalyptus
• Eucalyptus Essential Oils
• Honey Production from Eucalyptus
• Genomics in Eucalyptus
• Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Modern Pulp Fiberlines
• Environmental Legislation for Modern Pulp Fiberlines: a Study by the Tasmanian Government
• Bleaching of Eucalyptus Kraft Pulps
• Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Pulp
• Costs & Profits in Eucalyptus Wood Production by Coppice - Clear Cutting Forest Management
• Eucalyptus Photo Gallery
• A Field Guide to Eucalyptus & Plantation Forest Trees
• Planting & Growing Eucalyptus Plantation Forests
• Albany resources (Western Australia) pay off for forward thinking
• Eucalyptus: Doubts, Creeds, Myths, Facts & Realities. Part 01: The opinion of the "contrary interested parties"
• Eucalyptus: Doubts, Creeds, Myths, Facts & Realities. Part 02: The opinion of the "favorable interested parties"
• RISI Top 50 Power List
• Eucalyptus Global Map 2008
• Eucalyptus World Map
• Tributes to Eucalyptus: Music & Literature
• Weed Competition and Control in Eucalyptus Forest Plantations
• Five Years of "Ask the Euca Expert" (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Eucalyptus Wooden Poles (Just in Portuguese till now)
• FEENA - "Edmundo Navarro de Andrade" Sao Paulo State Forest
• Eucalyptus Museum
• Prices of Forest Products
• Costs of Forest Operations with Eucalyptus

Section - "Curiosities and Oddities about the Eucalyptus" by Ester Foelkel

• Eucalyptus & Artcraft
• Eucalyptus Inspiring Arts
• Eucalyptus in Landscape Design & Gardening
• Eucalyptus used for the Production of Bonsai
• Eucalyptus used for the Production of Insect Repellents
• Eucalyptus used for the Production of Honey - A top quality apiculture
• Eucalyptus used for the Production of Soaps & Detergents
• The Production of Shiitake Mushroom based on Eucalyptus Logs
• The Association of the Eucalyptus to Human Allergies
• The Disinfectant and Antiseptic Properties of the Eucalyptus
• Eucalyptus used for the Production of Tannins (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Railway Sleepers made from Eucalyptus Wood
• Eucalyptus Wood Flooring

Eucalyptus Online Book Chapters by Celso Foelkel

• Bark of Eucalyptus Trees: Morphological, Physiological, Forestry, Ecological & Industrial Aspects Oriented to Pulp & Paper Production (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Minerals & Nutrients in Eucalyptus Trees: Environmental, Physiological, Silvicultural & Industrial Aspects about Inorganic Elements Present on Trees (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Eucalyptus Fibers & Kraft Pulp Quality Requirements for Paper Manufacturing
• Vessel Elements & Eucalyptus Pulps
• Industrial Solid Wastes from Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Production. Part 01: Fibrous Organic Residues
• Eco-Efficient Management of Pulp Fiber Losses & Broke Generated in Paper Manufacturing
• Eco-Efficient Management of Woody Forest Residues from Eucalyptus Plantation Forestry
• Eucalyptus & Leguminosae. Part 01: Acacia mearnsii
• Eco-efficiency & Cleaner Production for the Eucalyptus Pulp and Paper Industry
• Opportunities for Eco-Effectiveness, Eco-Efficiency & Cleaner Production in Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp-making (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Eucalyptus Plantation Forests Productivity from the Perspective of Eco-Effectiveness, Eco-Efficiency & Cleaner Production
• 1001 Ways to Make your Pulp & Paper Mill & your Planted Forest more Eco-Effective & Eco-Efficient (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Industrial Solid Wastes from Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Production. Part 02: Success Factors for Management (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Papermaking Properties of Eucalyptus Trees, Woods & Pulp Fibers
• The Process of Eucalyptus Woodchip Impregnation by Kraft Pulping Liquor (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Individualizing Eucalyptus Woody Fibers for Kraft Pulp (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Differentiating Eucalyptus Market Pulps & Papers through Pulp Fines Management (Just in Portuguese till now)

Technical Mini-Articles by Celso Foelkel

• Flash Drying as a Process to Differentiate Market Pulps
• Eucalyptus: the Tallest and most Productive Trees on Earth...
• Washing & Cleaning Eucalyptus Pulps
• ECF & TCF Bleaching Sequences for Eucalyptus Kraft Pulps
• Eucalyptus in Brazil
• Eucalyptus in Brazil - Second part
• Modern Bleached Kraft Eucalyptus Pulp Fiberlines
• Best Available Technologies & Best Environmental Practices for the Production of Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulps
• Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp Manufacturing & Water Consumption
• Closing Water Cycle for Further Reductions on Water Consumption in the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp
• Eucalyptus Planted Forests & Water Consumption
• Eucalyptus Planted Forests & Biodiversity
• Eucalyptus & Eco-labels
• Eucalyptus & Soil Conservation
• Eucalyptus Plantation Forests & the Environment
• Eucalyptus Planted Forests & Sustainability
• Communicating to Society the Realities of the Forest-Based Sector
• Treating Wastewaters Generated in Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp Mills
• Managing Eucalyptus Plantation Forests for Enhanced Sustainability
• Eucalyptus Planted Forests, Land Use & the Production of Food in Brazil
• Eucalyptus Plantation Forests & Pesticides
• Eucalyptus Plantation Forests & Fertilizers (Just in Portuguese till now)
• About Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, Armando Navarro Sampaio and Octavio Vecchi
• Eucalyptus Plantations & Genetically Modified Trees

Previous Issues

• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 24 - December 2009
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 23 - October 2009
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 22 - August 2009
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 21 - June 2009
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 20 - April 2009
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 19 - January 2009
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 18 - December 2008
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 17 - October 2008
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 16 - August 2008
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 15 - June 2008
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 14 - April 2008
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 13 - February 2008
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 12 - November 2007
  
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 11 - September 2007
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 10 - July 2007
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 9 - May 2007
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 8 - March 2007
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 7 - January 2007
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 6 - October 2006
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 5 - July 2006
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 4 - May 2006
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 3 - January 2006
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 2 - October 2005
• Eucalyptus Newsletter nº 1 - June 2005

Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter are technical information texts written and made available free of charge to all people involved with the forestry and utilization of the Eucalyptus. It depends only on registering yourself to receive them.

Technical coordination - Celso Foelkel
Webmaster / editing - Alessandra Foelkel
Celsius Degree: Phone (+55-51) 3338-4809
Copyright © 2007-2010

This knowledge oriented service was made possible through sponsoring support provided by ABTCP - Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp and Paper and by Botnia, International Paper do Brasil, Fibria, Conestoga-Rovers & Associates & Suzano. The opinions expressed in the texts are those of the author or coming from the referenced technical literature. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.

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Storm Xynthia hits Eucalyptus & Pine Forests in Galicia... again!

Largest Eucalyptus forests in Iberia blown down once more?

From February 27th to 28th 2010 the 228 km/h strong wind and rainstorm Xynthia swept accross the Atlantic from Madeira Island en route to coastal Atlantic Europe, causing widespread damage in Portugal, Northern Spain and Western France.

Fig. 1: Animation of the pathway of Storm Xynthia from the recently catastrophically damaged Madeira Island to the Baltic Sea, depicting heavily affected areas, including some of the most productive cultivated timberlands in Europe. Base satellite image courtesy Meteogalicia.

Of explosive cyclogenesis origin, as Klaus, the unusual and very fast moving wind blast, with intensities roughly equivalent to a Category 4 Hurricane for localized peak winds, caused catastrophic damage to infrastructures in Galicia and the Northern coast in Spain, affecting once more the largest Eucalyptus timberland in Europe before travelling as a Northeasterlie to hit the Charente Maritime, the Vendee and Brittany in France, causing at least 55 fatalities.

Fig. 2: Maximum wind speed readings by weather stations in Galicia during Storm Xynthia (27 to 28 February 2010) reaching 196 km/h. You can compare with similar peaks caused by Storm Klaus (23 to 24th January 2009). Base Map courtesy Meteogalicia.

Maximum wind speeds almost reached the Klaus 2009 new record for measurements in Galicia, surpassing again the effects of cyclone Hortensia in 1984. Peak winds over 150 km/h hit the Atlantic coast, where an important piece of the largest cultivated Eucalyptus rainforest stands; and also hit inland in the already heavily damaged afforested highlands of Eastern Galicia, slowly recovering from previous damage to pine timberlands caused by Storm Klaus last year.

Prospective Catastrophic Damage Areas for Pine & Eucalypt Forests in Galicia (NW Spain)

Once more, cross-checking wind impact cartography with timber resource allocation maps allows to roughly define those areas where winds in excess of 135 km/h may have caused heavy to catastrophic damage to tree plantations, windmill farms and varied industrial, communications and urban infrastructures.

Fig. 3: Prospective catastrophic damage areas caused by Storm Xynthia to Eucalyptus plantations in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). Top wind speed (km/h) remarked for each area. You can compare with damage caused by Storm Klaus (23 to 24th January 2009). Base Maps courtesy EUITF - Universidad de Vigo.

Fig. 4: Prospective catastrophic damage areas caused by Storm Xynthia to Pinus plantations in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). Top wind speed (km/h) remarked for each area. You can compare with damage caused by Storm Klaus (23 to 24th January 2009) Base Maps courtesy EUITF - Universidad de Vigo.

Even if peak wind speed approached that of Klaus, the average wind gusts were milder for most of Galicia, and prospective damaged timber growing areas are more localized. In addition, the wind peaks hiting the worst affected area by Klaus last year were milder this time, reaching "only" 122 km/h, sparing the very productive heavily Eucalyptus afforested Northern coast from catastrophe.

Why does this happen... and how it looks like?

Check out BBC Wheather's Daniel Corbett video report on the formation and expected pathway of Storm Xynthia.

Storm Xynthia crossing over Vigo Estuary (video courtesy www.alonsoformula.com)

Storm Xynthia Animated Graphics

Storm Xynthia hits Galician forests

Also at EUCALYPTOLOGICS...

Storm Xynthia - February 2009: Stormwood Inventory for the European Union

Storm Klaus - January 2009: Stormwood Inventory for Galicia (NW Spain)

Galician Timber Industry LOST 500 millon € during 2009

Contact / subscribe to Eucalyptologics

Contact GIT Forestry Consulting - Eucalyptologics

GIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2007-2010 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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Galician Timber Industry: over 500 Million € Lost due to Global Crisis

Impacts of the Global Crisis on Galician Roundwood Harvests & Timber Industry Productivity

Gustavo Iglesias Trabado
GIT Forestry Consulting SL - Consultoría y Servicios de Ingeniería Agroforestal - www.git-forestry.com - EUCALYPTOLOGICS

As the worst of the crisis starts to dissipate in the financial markets and optimism messages are spread worldwide to reboost the global economy, we frequently forget that certain productive sectors experience delayed and longer lasting effects than the purely financial. Timber, an always scarce commodity processed to manufacture products you and I use everyday is no exception.

Today, thanks to the kind input from Fearmaga, the Asociación Galega Monte Industria, the Cluster de la Madera de Galicia & Feceg, we can explore the effects of the global crisis and its impact on timber harvests and the productivity of the Galician timber industry during 2009.

Numbers are grim, but the worst is already over. Recovery is slower than for other industrial sectors, or even for the same forestry sector in other countries, but the storm shall pass. Producing roughly 50% of yearly harvested roundwood in Spain, Galician forestry will survive.

Some Macro-magnitudes

After a historic peak timber harvest record during 2008, delivering over 8 million cubic metres, two events unfolded rapidly during early 2009. By January, Biscay Bay Storm Klaus hit the Eucalyptus & Pine forests of Northern Spain en route to Les Landes d'Aquitaine in Southwestern France. As a consequence, a huge mountain of stormwood was scattered in a very short timespan over Galicia. Non economic harvest of the unexpected stock, carried on as "relief operation" hampered timber harvests during a part of the year and helped push timber prices down. In addition, Klaus stormwood entered the Iberian markets as the French government heavily subsidized the fallen pine wood.

At once, the domino effect of the financial crisis, causing the burst of the "Real Estate and Construction Bubble" in Spain stopped the demand for a varied range of products, from sawn timber for scaffolding, passing by panels and flooring, to furniture and embelishment timbers.

As a result of these and other factors timber industry activity nearly stopped for some product lines, or continued at a daily loss while timber yards were filled and product stocks accumulated.

Fig. 1: Galician Roundwood Harvest, Timber Industry Productivity and Income variations for 2009. (Click image to enlarge)

The consequences, dire. Timber harvests, even including Klaus Stormwood, decreased a 22% compared to 2008. Low timber prices, decreasing industrial demand and stormwood availability paralyzed harvests during the first semester. Industrial productivity fell sharply due to decreased product demand and declining prices, with peak decreases of a 42% for sawmilling lines and 26% for wood panels and board lines compared to 2008. Only Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp productivity kept the levels of the previous year, increasing lightly a 3% thanks to more efficient handling of the industrial process, but global BEKP pulp prices fell sharply diminishing income a 22%.

The overall income of the Galician timber industry for 2009 experienced a decrease for an amount over 500 million € compared to 2008, forcing closure of industrial lines, reduced labour input needs, and the loss of 3,300 jobs.

Download the full report

Galician Timber Industry Results 2009

[Download PDF 740 KB, 15 pages]

Also at EUCALYPTOLOGICS...

Galicia: Eucalyptus yield 1651 Million € to tree growers

Storm Klaus wipes out Eucalyptus & Pine Forests in Spain & France

Storm Klaus: Stormwood Inventory for Galicia (NW Spain)

Eucalyptus Silviculture: Making more Money Grow on Trees

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Contact GIT Forestry Consulting - Eucalyptologics

GIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2007-2010 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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Scientists comment on toxic eucalypt claims

FOREST SCIENTISTS’ RESPONSE TO CLAIMS THAT FORESTRY TREES ARE LINKED TO TOXIC WATER IN NORTH-EASTERN TASMANIA

"Concerns have been raised in recent media reports and on the ABC’s Australian Story, suggesting that contamination of Georges Bay is due to chemicals derived from genetically altered Eucalyptus nitens plantation trees located in the catchment. There have been many incorrect assumptions and tenuous connections raised which may have lead to unnecessary public concern.

No eucalypt plantations in the catchment, or anywhere else in Australia, use trees altered through genetic engineering. The E. nitens trees in the plantations would have been grown from naturally pollinated seed produced in seed orchards, which incorporate first or second-generation descendents from wild populations of E. nitens occurring in Victoria or southern NSW. The trees in the seed orchards have been selected in field trials for their superior growth and wood quality. They have not been selected for increased toxicity. The E. nitens trees growing in plantations in the Georges River catchment would be genetically very similar to those that occur in the native forests that shed water into Melbourne’s reservoirs and other river catchments in Victoria and NSW.

Hamilton et al (2008) Genetic improvement of Eucalyptus nitens in Australia. Australian Forestry, 71 (2). pp. 82-93

Statements have been made concerning the relative toxicity and greater foam production from E. nitens leaves sampled from genetically improved plantations compared with leaves from natural old-growth forests. While we do not know the full details of the sampling involved, it is important to note that eucalypt leaf chemistry changes markedly from the juvenile stage (as was apparently sampled in the plantations) to the adult leaves sampled in the native forests. Leaf chemistry also changes seasonally and is influenced by the growing environment, so at this point it is incorrect to conclude that the plantation trees are genetically more toxic.

The ABC program implied chemicals leaching from the leaves of trees in the E. nitens plantations flow on the surface of the river and their accumulation in Georges Bay has been responsible for human health problems and deaths of oysters. However chemicals from native vegetation occur in waterways throughout Tasmania naturally, as evidenced by the dark brown river waters of Tasmania’s World Heritage Area. There are many catchments where E. nitens occurs, either naturally or in plantations across Australia.

No evidence has come to light suggesting that this particular tree has any atypical effect on aquatic life compared with other eucalypt species. Due to public concerns, closer examination is warranted, and this issue can be resolved with well designed studies.

Eucalypts are the dominant trees of our native woodlands and forests. Many of the chemicals that naturally occur in eucalypts are toxic to some organisms in sufficiently high concentrations. The original Analytical Services Tasmania laboratory study in February 2005 identified several surface or foam samples which were toxic. Of the chemicals assayed in the toxic samples, the major ones, including cineole, are well recognised components of eucalypt oils. While toxic if swallowed in its concentrated form, eucalypt oil is widely used in medications around the world as an inhalant and a skin-rub.

Chemicals that the Analytical Services Tasmania laboratory identified in the toxic samples occur not only in E. nitens foliage but in that of many of the native eucalypts including E. globulus, E. ovata and E. viminalis which occur in the vicinity of Georges Bay. Cineole is the dominant component of the leaf oils of the majority of Tasmanian eucalypt species. There are many other chemicals which can be monitored, even at very low levels, to determine whether they further contribute to the toxicity reported and may be more specific to the Georges Bay situation and E. nitens. There are also natural plant chemicals which are known to cause foaming when shaken in aqueous solutions.

We expect these eucalypt chemicals to degrade in situ as well as move into soils and waterways to some extent through litter fall and leaching. Trees may naturally affect local aquatic ecosystems in many ways. Leaf and other organic litter from eucalypts is a major basis for the food chain in nearly all Australian stream ecosystems, often providing the main source of carbon for the invertebrates and ultimately fish in forested catchments. Eucalypt leaves in streams are eaten, usually after a period of breakdown by bacteria and fungi, by a wide variety of aquatic insects and crustaceans which have evolved to be dependent on this food source. The chemicals in eucalypt leaves are broken down and released continually through this process in thriving, healthy stream ecosystems.

We have a lot to discover about the diverse natural chemicals in our native flora, including eucalypts. We applaud any vigilance in the interests of public health or environmental integrity, and acknowledge the valuable role played by concerned members of the public, and the media, in keeping these matters in the public eye. However, it is important that future studies are designed and conducted in a scientifically rigorous way. Scientists at the University of Tasmania, CSIRO and the CRC for Forestry have all indicated their willingness to participate in future investigations."

Professor Gordon Duff, CEO, CRC for Forestry
Dr Chris Harwood, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems
Dr Julianne O’Reilly-Wapstra, University of Tasmania
Professor Brad Potts, University of Tasmania
Professor Jim Reid, University of Tasmania

Further Reading

Forest scientists' response to toxic water claims. Media release, CRC for Forestry, 23 February 2010, regarding effects of Eucalyptus nitens trees on water in Georges River catchment, Tasmania, as reported on the ABC's Australian Story on Monday 22 February. [Download PDF 27.6 kb]

Hamilton MG, Joyce K, Williams DR, Dutkowski GW & Potts BM (2008) Achievements in Forest Tree Improvement in Australia and New Zealand 9. Genetic improvement of Eucalyptus nitens in Australia. Australian Forestry, 71 (2). pp. 82-93. ISSN 0004-9158

Also at EUCALYPTOLOGICS...

Eucalyptus toxic for soil? (I)

Phytoremediation: an example of Ecological Restoration

Want to contact us?

Contact GIT Forestry Consulting - Eucalyptologics

GIT's Eucalyptology Topics

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© 2007-2010 Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. Please contact us if you want to use all or part of this text and photography elsewhere. We like to share, but we do not like rudeness.

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